PROJECT 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Undertaking 1 - Essay Example Business culture will in general make bargains that influence instruction in a negative way. There is an expansion in the degree of mystery that worries research. The explanation is that the corporate world will in general offer sponsorship to examine. The mystery makes space for benefits. The creator contends that enterprising learning will in general be an achievement temporarily. Notwithstanding, the foundations that have a central spotlight on the scholastic qualities will in general develop as the achievement, over the long haul. The frameworks likewise will in general accomplish open trust that is a premise of the capacity to conquer fundamental rewarding endeavors. Therefore, regardless of the longing to procure benefits, the scholarly greatness is the autonomous variable for any instructive foundation. Some other trials raise the level that outcomes in the crash of interests. For example, most pioneering frameworks experience issues in designating assets for research in the d istinctive examination fields. The case may prompt breakdown of such foundations, over the long haul. The distribution centers around the negative effect of commercializing training. The book diagrams the move in center from survey understudies as run of the mill buyers entire school has the assessment of a product. The coaches in the class have a perspective on being specialist co-ops instead of being advisers for the whole preparing process. The creator calls attention to that commercialization of training are subject to globalization. The other perspective that causes commercialization is the ascent of sound innovation. The issue of joblessness and the hole between the wealthy in the economy and the individuals who don't have additionally goes about as a maker of business training. Commercialization of instruction has made the genuine part of figuring out how to change. The schools will in general utilize hard terms of the understudies in an offer to win new clients. The understudies, then again, learn with the end goal of finishing the test as opposed to increasing new information. At the end of the day, instruction is the procurement of

Nursing Diagnosis

Cues| Nursing Diagnosis| Scientific Explanation| Objectives/Plan of Care| Nursing Interventions| Rationale| Evaluation| S> â€Å" Hindi dad masyado magaling ang sugat ko† as verbalized by the patientO> S/P Appendectomy>with careful cut at right lower stomach area>with dry flawless dressing on the careful site| Impaired Skin Integrity identified with skin/tissue trauma| Inflammation of the appendixvAcute AppendicitisvAppendectomyvDissection if right lower stomach tissuesvDisruption of skin surface and annihilation of skin layersvImpaired skin/tissue integrity|Within 8 hours of nursing mediation the pt will have the option to show the following:a. ) flawless suturesb. ) dry and flawless injury dressingc. ) investment in latent ROM exercises| >Assess usable site for redness, expanding, free stitches, or doused dressing>Monitor Vital Signs>Assist in inactive movements(while 8hrs. lat on bed, for example, bed turning and latent ROM e xercise and dynamic exercise from there on developments, for example, bed position, sitting, standing, walking> Support entry point as in bracing when hacking and during movement>Encourage pt to verbalized his for any untoward sentiments particularly torment, distress just as changes noted on usable site>Encourage pt to connect early ambulation and have SO’s help him in such activities>Instruct pt and SO’s to promptly report when dressing are soaked>Instruct pt and SO’s to abstain from contacting/scratching employable site>Provide ordinary dressing care>Administer Chlorampenicol Sodium(antibiotic) as ordered| >to check skin honesty, screen progress of recuperating and distinguish requirement for further> Serve as gauge data>to elevate dissemination to the careful site for opportune healing>to decrease pressure on the usable site>to permit constant observing and appraisal of pt. o ndition>to elevate dissemination to the careful site for auspicious healing>to elevate course to the careful site for opportune healing>for prompt substitution to forestall skin breakdown and sullying of employable site>to keep away from amassing of dampness at the usable sitewhich may prompt skin breakdown>to forestall microbes harbor in usable site|Within 8 hours of nursing mediation the pt be capable show the following:a. ) flawless suturesb. ) dry and unblemished injury dressingc. ) support in uninvolved ROM exercises>Evaluation was not completed because of time requirements. Pt was embraced to succeeding individuals from the wellbeing group for additional administration and evaluation| Cues| Nursing Diagnosis| Scientific Explanation| Objectives/Plan of Care| Nursing Interventions| Rationale| Evaluation| S>†Hindi namn ako nilalagnat† verbalized by the patientO> v/s taken as follow:BP:110/80 mmHgRR:22 cpmPR:68 bp mT: 37. C> S/P Appendectomy>with dry flawless dressing on the careful site| Risk for disease identified with tissue trauma| Inflammation of the appendixvAcute AppendicitisvAppendectomyvTissue injury on RLQ abdomenMay give gateway of passage to pathogens through:>unnecessary presentation of careful site>inadequate aseptic strategies particularly in twisted dressing>contract with pt’s, SO’s and guests hands or other partsvMay result to infection| Within 8 hours of nursing intercession the pt will be capable verbalize routes in forestalling contamination/defilement explicitly legitimate hand washing, and appropriate injury care as confirm by:>maintain stable v/s>good skin integrity>absence of expanding redness and agony on employable site | >Monitor v/s and record>assess usable site for indications of infection>change cloths as necessary>Provide customary dressing care>Instruct pt a nd SO’s to forgo contacting/scratching usable site>Encourage pt to verbalized any progressions noted on usable site, for example, redness, expanding and unordinary/putrid seepage >Encourage pt to connect early ambulation and have SO’s help him in such activities>Administer Penicillin G Sodium(antibiotic) as ordered| >Elevation in rates may flag infection>to give pattern information to correlation and distinguish requirement for additional management>to forestall development of microorganisms on materials and beds> to forestall superfluous introduction and sullying of usable sitewhich may postpone wound healing>for prompt substitution to forestall skin breakdown and tainting of usable site>to permit nonstop observing and appraisal of pt. condition>to elevate dissemination to the careful site for auspicious healing>serve as prophylactic treatment and forestall microscopic organisms to harbor on employable site|Within 8 hours of nursing intercession the pt will be capable verbalize routes in reventing disease/sullying explicitly appropriate hand washing, and legitimate injury care as prove by:>maintain stable v/s>good skin integrity>absence of expanding redness and torment on usable site>Evaluation was not done because of time limitations. Pt was supported to succeeding individuals from the wellbeing group for additional administration and evaluation| Kenneth Antonio B. Bacani, SN Group 1 Nursing Care Plan Callang General Hospital, Santiago City Cues| Nursing Diagnosis| Scientific Explanation| Objectives/Plan of Care| Nursing Interventions| Rationale| Evaluation| S> â€Å"Masakit likewise sa baba†, while pointing at RLQ of midsection. >rated torment as 5 on a size of 10, where 1 as the least and 10 as the highest>characterized torment as pricking>reported that torment happens everytime when pt moves or movedO&am p;gt; v/s taken as followsT: 37. CRR: 21 cpmPR: 64 bpmBP: 120/70 mmHg> S/PAppendectomy>with dry flawless dressing on the careful site>with guarding conduct over the site>facial grimacing| Acute agony identified with tissue harm second to post appendectomy| Inflammation of the appendixvAcute AppendicitisvAppendectomyvDissection if right lower stomach tissuesvDisruption of skin surface and pulverization of skin layersvActivation of nociceptors in dermis and tissuesvReceptors send motivations to CNS for interpretationvPain PerceptionvAcute Pain| Within 6-8 hours of nursing intercession, the pt will have the option to show capacity to adapt to not entirely eased torment as prove bya. ) verbalization of decline torment structure 5/10 to 2/10b. commitment in diversional exercises, for example, socialization, sitting in front of the TV, and listening smooth music| >Monitor V/S and record>Assess torment qualities including area, force, and frequency >Assess careful site for expanding, redness or free sutures>Promote sufficient rest periods by briefly restricting activity>Encourage pt to verbalize torment perception>Provide pt with diversional exercises, for example, socialization, staring at the TV, and listening smooth music>Encourage SO’s to proceed with arrangement of diversional exercises and a calm situation >Administer Toradol (analgesic)as requested | >Elevation in rates propose expanded torment power and frequency>Elevation in power and recurrence may show exacerbating condition>Swelling, redness , and free stitches may add to the torment felt by pt. nd are demonstrative of further management>to decrease torment felt disturbed by movements>to permit further appraisal of agony qualities and assessment of treatment/intervention>to assist pt with occupying his regard for different issues than torment felt>to permit pt proceed redirect his attention>to calmed or diminish torment by repressing prostaglandin synthesis| Within 6-8 hours of nursing mediation, the pt will have the option to show capacity to adapt to deficiently assuaged torment as confirm bya. ) verbalization of diminishing agony structure 5/10 to 0/10b. ) commitment in diversional exercises, for example, socialization, staring at the TV, and listening smooth music>verbal report that agony is totally releived>absence of facial endless supply of exercises, for example, evolving position, sitting ,standing and walking> nonattendance of guarding conduct over careful site>Evaluation was not done because of time imperatives. Pt was supported to succeeding individuals from the wellbeing group for additional administration and evaluation| Nursing Diagnosis Cues| Nursing Diagnosis| Scientific Explanation| Objectives/Plan of Care| Nursing Interventions| Rationale| Evaluation| S> â€Å" Hindi dad masyado magaling ang sugat ko† as verbalized by the patientO> S/P Appendectomy>with careful entry point at right lower stomach area>with dry unblemished dressing on the careful site| Impaired Skin Integrity identified with skin/tissue trauma| Inflammation of the appendixvAcute AppendicitisvAppendectomyvDissection if right lower stomach tissuesvDisruption of skin surface and pulverization of skin layersvImpaired skin/tissue integrity|Within 8 hours of nursing mediation the pt will have the option to show the following:a. ) unblemished suturesb. ) dry and flawless injury dressingc. ) support in uninvolved ROM exercises| >Assess usable site for redness, expanding, free stitches, or drenched dressing>Monitor Vital Signs>Assist in inactive movements(while 8hrs. lat on bed, for example, bed turnin g and latent ROM exercise and dynamic exercise from there on developments, for example, bed position, sitting, standing, walking> Support entry point as in bracing when hacking and during movement>Encourage pt to verbalized his for any untoward sentiments particularly torment, uneasiness just as changes noted on usable site>Encourage pt to connect early ambulation and have SO’s help him in such activities>Instruct pt and SO’s to promptly report when dressing are soaked>Instruct pt and SO’s to cease from contacting/scratching usable site>Provide customary dressing care>Administer Chlorampenicol Sodium(antibiotic) as ordered| >to check skin honesty, screen progress of mending and recognize requirement for further> Serve as pattern data>to advance circ

How Physical Exercise Benefits Mental Health

How Physical Exercise Benefits Mental Health Panic Disorder Coping Print How Physical Exercise Benefits Mental Health By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on May 01, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 10, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living In This Article Table of Contents Expand Exercise and Mental Illness Benefits of Exercise Types of Exercise Before You Begin Starting an Exercise Plan View All While the physical health benefits of exercise are frequently discussed, the psychological benefits are often overlooked. But research shows exercise can be quite beneficial for mental health. Physical activity may help ward off mental health problems before they start. Additionally, research shows exercise can improve the symptoms of many existing mental illnesses.?? Verywell / Brianna GIlmartin How Exercise Impacts Mental Illness Mental health professionals often prescribe exercise as part of the treatment for specific mental illnesses. Exercise can alleviate many of the symptoms of depression, such as fatigue, tension, anger, and reduced vigor. For people with panic disorder, PTSD, and other anxiety-related conditions, exercise can be a proactive way to release pent-up tension and reduce feelings of fear and worry.?? Exercise also decreases sensitivity to the bodys reaction to anxiety, as well as decreases the intensity and frequency of panic attacks in some cases.?? Additionally, a regular exercise program can help ease symptoms of other common co-occurring conditions, such as ?IBS.?? How Exercise Promotes Positive Well-Being Exercise can also be used to enhance well-being in people who already feel mentally healthy. Increased physical activity has been found to enhance mood, improve energy levels, and promote quality sleep. There are several reasons why physical activity can be good for psychological well-being: Exercise decreases stress hormones. Exercise decreases stress hormones like cortisol. It also increases endorphinsâ€"your bodys ‘feel-good’ chemicalsâ€"giving your mood a natural boost.??Physical activity distracts you from negative thoughts and emotions. Physical activity can take your mind off of your problems and either redirect it on the activity at hand or get you into a zen-like state.Exercise promotes confidence. Exercise can help you lose weight, tone your body, and maintain a healthy glow and a smile.?? You may feel a subtle but significant boost in your mood as your clothes look more flattering and you project an aura of increased strength.Exercise can be a good source of social support. The benefits of social support are well-documented and many physical activities can be social activities as well.?? So whether you join an exercise class or you play softball in a league, exercising with others can give you a double-dose of stress relief.Better physical health may mean better mental health. While stress can cause illness, illness can also cause stress. Improving your overall health and longevity with exercise can save you a great deal of stress in the short run (by strengthening your immunity to colds, the flu, and other minor illnesses) and the long run (by helping you stay healthier longer, and enjoy life more because of it).Exercise provides a buffer against stress. Physical activity may be linked to lower physiological reactivity toward stress. Simply put, those who get more exercise may become less affected by the stress they face. So, in addition to all the other benefits, exercise may supply some immunity toward future stress as well as a way to cope with current stress.?? Types of Exercise Fortunately, there are many types of exercise that can improve mental health. From weight lifting to running, its important to find exercises that you enjoy doing. Here are some types of exercise that can be good for mental health: Yoga Yoga can range from gentle to challenging. The most common form of yoga (hatha yoga) involves physical poses (known as asanas), controlled breathing, and periods of meditation. Yoga is a low-risk method for healing the body and mind. Often the positive effects can be felt after just one class. A 2018 study published in Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice found that yoga can help:Decrease physiological arousalLower heart rateLower blood pressureImprove respirationReduce the stress responseReduce depression and anxietyIncrease energy and feelings of well-being Tai Chi Tai Chi is an ancient Chinese martial art that combines meditation and rhythmic breathing in a slow series of graceful body movements and poses (also called forms). Tai Chi has been shown to: Reduce stressLower blood pressureReduce anxietyImprove depressed moodIncrease self-esteem?? Aerobic Exercise There is growing research evidence that regular aerobic exercise (such as running, cycling or swimming) is associated with better psychological health. Although studies have focused on depression, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), theres also some evidence to suggest a positive effect of exercise on social phobia.?? ?? Both single sessions and long-term programs of aerobic exercise have been shown to provide a positive benefit for psychological health.?? Although as little as five to 10 minutes of aerobic exercise can help to improve your mood and reduce your anxiety, regular programs, lasting from 10 to 15 weeks, seem to improve ones overall mental state. Before You Begin If you are just starting out with an exercise program, its important to consult with your doctor to determine the best form of exercise and intensity level for your physical condition. Your medical history, current medications, and diagnosed conditions can all play a role in your ability to exercise. If you suspect you have a mental illness or youre being treated by a mental health professional, ask about how you can incorporate physical activity into your treatment. A qualified mental health professional can make suggestions about the best strategies for treating your specific condition. How to Start an Exercise Plan Once you have obtained your doctor’s approval and recommendations, you will want to decide on an exercise program thats right for you. Do you want to take a class? Could it be helpful to hire a trainer at the gym? Do you prefer to go for a walk on your own time while listening to your favorite music? The key to sticking with a program is to find something that you enjoy doing. When starting a new exercise plan, you may initially feel very motivated. This motivation to exercise can be extremely beneficial in helping you get started on your new exercise plan. A 2017 study published in Maturitas found that between two and six hours of exercise each week is best for optimal mental health. Here are a few tips to start and maintain your exercise plan: Don’t overdo it. Be careful not to push yourself to extremes in the beginning, as this can lead to physical injury. Remember that exercise can be fun and can help improve your mood and anxiety, but it should not be causing physical issues. Take it slow in the beginning and gradually increase your workouts over time.Make a commitment to your exercise plan. From stressed-out executives to frazzled stay-at-home moms, everyone is busy. Putting time aside to exercise means that you have made your health and well-being a top priority. It can take time before you notice improvements in your panic symptoms. For the best results, stay patient and consistent with your exercise program.Know that your motivation may change at different stages of your exercise plan. It is not uncommon for your initial enthusiasm to fade over time. It can help to change your routine a little or find new exercise options altogether. For example, if youre getting bored with the treadmill at the local gym, try walk ing locally or joining a hiking group. These alternative options can also have the added benefit of helping you socialize while you exercise.Keep experimenting. Experiment with different strategies to find what works best for you. If you struggle to stick with exercise first thing in the morning, try exercising in the afternoon. Or, if you discover that you dread hitting the gym, try exercising outside. Keep experimenting until you find something that you are likely to stick to. 17 Highly Effective Stress Relievers

Autism A Neurological Disorder - 2218 Words

Autism is a neurological disorder that affects many people all around the world. This disorder can be either moderate or severe and affects the body in several ways. People who have Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have their expressive, receptive communication, social skills, and socialization disrupted. It has not been until the past several years in which this disorder has received more attention and awareness than it had ever before. Approximately twenty years ago this disorder was considered very rare with statistics of 1 in 1,000 children being diagnosed. Now statistics have changed and approximately 1 in 88 children are being diagnosed with this disorder. Autism is defined as a developmental disability which significantly affects†¦show more content†¦Since all cases of Autism are different based on the person it is hard to find treatments because doctors stumble upon new symptoms or rare symptoms and it is technically just a matter of time because they have to do extens ive research. This disorder changes as the person changes. The older the person gets the more severe or moderate the disorder might get. There is no way in actually knowing for sure what will happen as the patient ages. There are many therapies/ activities that can help children or over all people with Autism. Some of these therapies include Animal Assisted Therapies or Animal Assisted Activities. Among these Animal Assisted Activities there are Dog Assisted Activities even Equine Assisted Activities. Equine Assisted Activities include non-riding activities with the horse or horses, vaulting, carriage driving, and therapeutic horse back riding. These activities allow the patient to get out of their comfort zone and as we know children/patients with Autism don’t like to break their daily routine let alone try something new that might seen scary to them. These activities allow them to learn to trust the animals as well as their trainers and the people around them. Some parents have difficulty coping with the fact that their child has this disorder, therefore they might not be able to provide the support their child needs. These activities also help the parents cope and learn ways to help their children outside of

Marketing Analysis Apple Company - 866 Words

Apple Company from this analysis has a competitive advantage in the e- commerce market of possessing the hardware product and software service lines. The closest resemblance to apple market strategy when dealing with products comes from the Amazon Company, because their scale of operating activities and sales force is similar to that for Apple Inc. Fortunately the product or service that is best positioned in the market is that from Company of Apple, who are present on both physical and online e-commerce marketing. The company holds the largest market share and has the best year on year growth. Customers have commented that the durability of products and services are much more improved when compared to others in the all industry, and the issue raised both Apple Company and Competitive companies both have a much concern on presence and e-loyalty of the customer base. For the company to successfully reduce the competitiveness from Amazon Company there is need to adopt a well set online selling that will serve all customers in the world. Apple should adopt internet selling, electronic commerce and a faster, widespread and economical means of reaching the target market. Website creation is one of the best methods of reaching customers worldwide. Apple should create many website pages in which the products are displayed together with their prices and their qualities. Apple Inc. Global Internet, e-commerce, and mobile technology adoption E-commerce, use of Internet, and use ofShow MoreRelatedInternational Marketing Of A Us Company1078 Words   |  5 Pages International Marketing of a US Company: Apple, Inc. Nick Gildea, Susie Kim, Courtney Kurkemelis, Lexie LaSala 12 February 2015 Professor Min Lu Monmouth University â€Æ' Table of Contents Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Apple, Inc. Goes International†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Advertisement Promotion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Distribution†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Pricing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Success†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Read MoreSwot Analysis Of Apple Company s Management Team1380 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal companies among other large business entities demand complex methods of determining the strengths and weaknesses of the entities. PEST and SWOT are the universally accepted approaches of making decision by managers (Jeynes, 2013). Examples of companies that utilize these tools are the Apple Company Inc. ideally; this is one of the international companies. Its operations get globally vested. 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Marketing Case Study Free Essays

string(136) " World a lot of people cannot understand what is written in the ads anyway, so the ads zero in on the more understandable visual image\." CASE 4? 6 Making Socially Responsible and Ethical Strategic decisions move a company toward its stated goals and perceived success. Strategic decisions also re? ect the ? rm’s social responsibility and the ethical values on which such decisions are made. They re? ect what is considered important and what a company wants to achieve. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mark Pastin, writing on the function of ethics in business decisions, observes: There are fundamental principles, or ground rules, by which organizations act. Like the ground rules of individuals, organizational ground rules determine which actions are possible for the organization and what the actions mean. Buried beneath the charts of organizational responsibility, the arcane strategies, the crunched numbers, and the political intrigue of every ? rm are sound rules by which the game unfolds. The following situations re? ect different decisions made by multinational ? rms and governments and also re? ect the social responsibility and ethical values underpinning the decisions. Study the following situations in the global cigarette marketplace carefully and assess the ground rules that guided the decisions of ? rms and governments. Marketing Decisions: Selling Tobacco to Third World Countries expanding market. As an example, Indonesia’s per capita cigarette consumption quadrupled in less than ten years. Increasingly, cigarette advertising on radio and television is being restricted in some countries, but other means of promotion, especially to young people, are not controlled. China, with more than 300 million smokers, produces and consumes about 1. 4 trillion cigarettes per year, more than any other country in the world. Estimates are that China has more smokers than the United States has people. Just 1 percent of that 1. 4 trillion cigarette market would increase a tobacco company’s overseas sales by 15 percent and would be worth as much as $300 million in added revenue. American cigarette companies have received a warm welcome in Russia, where at least 50 percent of the people smoke. Consumers are hungry for most things Western, and tobacco taxes are low. Unlike in the United States and other countries that limit or ban cigarette advertising, there are few effective controls on tobacco products in Russia. Russia, the world’s fourth largest cigarette market, has proved to be an extremely pro? table territory for British American Tobacco (BAT). BAT Russia, established in 1949, sold 65 billion cigarettes in Russia in 2005, giving it almost one? fth of market share. EXPORTING U. S. CIGARETTE CONSUMPTION In the United States, 600 billion cigarettes are sold annually, but sales are shrinking rapidly. Unit sales have been dropping about 1 to 2 percent a year, and sales have been down by almost 5 percent in the last six years. The U. S. Surgeon General’s campaign against smoking, higher cigarette taxes, non-smoking rules in public areas, and the concern Americans have about general health have led to the decline in tobacco consumption. Faced with various class-action lawsuits, the success of states in winning lawsuits, and pending federal legislation, tobacco companies have stepped up their international marketing activities to maintain pro? ts. Even though companies have agreed to sweeping restrictions in the United States on cigarette marketing and secondhand smoke and to bolder cancer-warning labels, they are ? hting as hard as ever in the Third World to convince the media, the public, and policymakers that similar changes are not needed. In seminars at luxury resorts worldwide, tobacco companies invite journalists, all expenses paid, to participate in programs that play down the health risks of smoking. It is hard to gauge the in? uence of such seminars, but in the Philippines, a government plan to reduce smoking by children was â€Å"neutralized† by a public relations campaign from cigarette companies to remove â€Å"cancer awareness and prevention† as a â€Å"key concern. A slant in favor of the tobacco industry’s point of view seemed to prevail. At a time when most industrialized countries are discouraging smoking, the tobacco industry is avidly courting consumers throughout the developing world using catchy slogans, obvious image campaigns, and single-cigarette sales that ? t a hard-pressed customer’s budget. The reason is clear: The Third World is an ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION In Gambia, smokers send in cigarette box tops to qualify for a chance to win a new car. In Argentina, smoking commercials ? ll 20 percent of television advertising time. And in crowded African cities, billboards that link smoking to the good life tower above the sweltering shantytowns. Such things as baby clothes with cigarette logos, health warnings printed in foreign languages, and tobaccosponsored contests for children are often featured in tobacco ads in Third World countries. Latin American tobacco consumption rose by more than 24 percent over a ten-year period. Critics claim that sophisticated promotions in unsophisticated societies entice people who cannot afford the necessities of life to spend money on a luxury—and a dangerous one at that. The sophistication theme runs throughout the smoking ads. In Kinshasa, Zaire, billboards depict a man in a business suit stepping out of a black Mercedes as a chauffeur holds the door. In Nigeria, promotions for Graduate brand cigarettes show a university student in his cap and gown. Those for Gold Leaf cigarettes have a barrister in a white wig and the slogan, â€Å"A very important cigarette for very important people. † In Kenya, a magazine ad for Embassy cigarettes shows an elegant executive of? cer with three young men and women equivalent to American yuppies. The most disturbing trend in developing countries is advertising that associates tobacco with American af? uence and culture. Some women in Africa, in their struggle for women’s rights, de? antly smoke cigarettes as a symbol of freedom. Billboards all over Russia feature pictures of skyscrapers and white sandy beaches and slogans like â€Å"Total Freedom† or â€Å"Rendezvous with America. † They aren’t advertising foreign travel but American cigarette brands. Cases 4 Developing Global Marketing Strategies Every cigarette manufacturer is in the image business, and tobacco companies say their promotional slant is both reasonable and common. They point out that in the Third World a lot of people cannot understand what is written in the ads anyway, so the ads zero in on the more understandable visual image. You read "Marketing Case Study" in category "Free Case study samples" â€Å"In most of the world, the Marlboro Man isn’t just a symbol of the Wild West; he’s a symbol of the West. † â€Å"You can’t convince people that all Americans don’t smoke. † In Africa, some of the most effective advertising includes images of af? uent white Americans with recognizable landmarks, such as the New York City skyline, in the background. In much of Africa, children as young as ? e are used to sell single cigarettes, affordable to other children, to support their own nicotine habits. Worldwide nearly one-fourth of all teenage smokers smoked their ? rst cigarette before they were 10 years old. The scope of promotional activity is enormous. In Kenya, a major tobacco company is the fourth-largest a dvertiser. Tobaccosponsored lotteries bolster sales in some countries by offering as prizes expensive goods that are beyond most people’s budgets. Gambia has a population of just 640,000, but a tobacco company lottery attracted 1. million entries (each sent in on a cigarette box top) when it raf? ed off a Renault car. Evidence is strong that the strategy of tobacco companies is to target young people as a means of expanding market demand. Report after report reveals that adolescents receive cigarettes free as a means of promoting the product. For example, in Buenos Aires, a Jeep decorated with the yellow Camel logo pulls up in front of a high school. The driver, a blond woman wearing khaki safari gear, begins handing out free cigarettes to 15- and 16-year-olds on lunch recess. Teens visiting MTV’s Web sites in China, Germany, India, Poland, and Latin America were given the chance to click on a banner ad that led them to a questionnaire about their exposure to cigarette ads and other marketing tools in their countries. Some 10,000 teens responded to the banner ads. â€Å"In the past week, more than 62 percent of teenagers in these countries have been exposed to tobacco advertising in some form,† the 17-year-old SWAT (Students Working against Tobacco) chairman told Reuters. The tobacco companies learned that marketing to teens and kids worked in this country, but since they can’t do it here anymore, they’ve taken what they learned to other countries. † At a video arcade in Taipei, free American cigarettes are strewn atop each game. â€Å"As long as they’re here, I may as well try one,† says a high school girl. In Malaysia, Gila-Gila, a comic book popular with elementary school students, carries a Lucky Strike a d. Attractive women in cowboy out? ts regularly meet teenagers going to rock concerts or discos in Budapest and hand them Marlboros. Those who accept a light on the spot also receive Marlboro sunglasses. According to the American Lung Association Tobacco Policy Trend Alert, the tobacco industry is offering candy-? avored cigarettes in an attempt to continue to target teens. 1 Advertising and promotion of these products uses hip-hop imagery, attractive women, and other imagery to appeal to youth in similar ways that Joe Camel did a decade ago. Marketing efforts for candy-? avored cigarettes came after the Master Settlement Agreement prohibited tobacco companies from using cartoon characters to sell cigarettes. Researchers recently released the results of several surveys that showed that 20 percent of smokers ages 17 to 19 smoked ? avored cigarettes, while only 6 percent of smokers ages 17 to 20 did. In Russia, a U. S. cigarette company sponsors disco parties where thousands of young people dance to booming music. Admission is the purchase of one pack of cigarettes. At other cigarettesponsored parties, attractive women give cigarettes away free. In many countries, foreign cigarettes have a status image that also encourages smoking. A 26-year-old Chinese man says he switched from a domestic brand to Marlboro because â€Å"You feel a higher social position† when you smoke foreign cigarettes. â€Å"Smoking is a sign of luxury in the Czech Republica as well as in Russia and other Eastern countries,† says an executive of a Czech tobacco ? rm that has a joint venture with a U. S. company. â€Å"If I can smoke Marlboro, then I’m a well-to-do man. † The global tobacco companies insist that they are not attempting to recruit new smokers. They say they are only trying to encourage smokers to switch to foreign brands. The same number of cigarettes are consumed whether American cigarettes or not,† was the comment of one executive. Although cigarette companies deny they sell higher tar and nicotine cigarettes in the Third World, one British tobacco company does concede that some of its brands sold in developing countries contain more tar and nicotine than those sold in the United States and Europe. A recent study found three major U. S. brands with ? lters had 17 milligrams of tar in the United States, 22. 3 in Kenya, 29. 7 in Malaysia, and 31. 1 in South Africa. Another brand with ? ters had 19. 1 milligrams of tar in the United States, 28. 8 in South Africa, and 30. 9 in the Philippines. The ? rm says that Third World smokers are used to smoking their own locally made product, which might have several times more tar and nicotine. Thus, the ? rm leaves the tar- and nicotine-level decisions to its foreign subsidiaries, who tailor their products to local tastes. C. Everett Koop, the retired U. S. Surgeon General, was quoted in a recent news conference as saying, â€Å"Companies’ claims that science cannot say with certainty that tobacco causes cancer were ? t-footed lies† and that â€Å"sending cigarettes to the Third World was the export of death, disease, and disability. † An Oxford University epidemiologist has estimated that, because of increas ing tobacco consumption in Asia, the annual worldwide death toll from tobaccorelated illnesses will more than triple over the next two decades. Perhaps 100 million people died prematurely during the 20th century as a result of tobacco, making it the leading preventable cause of death and one of the top killers overall. According to the World Health Organization, ach year smoking causes 4 million deaths globally, and it expects the annual toll to rise to 10 million in 2030. GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT Third World governments often stand to pro? t from tobacco sales. Brazil collects 75 percent of the retail price of cigarettes in taxes, some $100 million a month. The Bulgarian state-owned tobacco company, Bulgartabac, contributes almost $30 million in taxes to the government annually. Bulgartabac is a major exporter of cigarettes to Russia, exporting 40,000 tons of cigarettes annually. Tobacco is Zimbabwe’s largest cash crop. One news report from a Zimbabwe newspaper reveals strong support for cigarette companies. â€Å"Western anti-tobacco lobbies demonstrate unbelievable hypocrisy,† notes one editorial. â€Å"It is relatively easy to sit in Washington or London and prattle on about the so-called evils of smoking, but they are far removed from the day-to-day grind of earning a living in the Third World. † It goes on to comment that it doesn’t dispute the fact that smoking is addictive or that it may cause diseases, but â€Å"smoking does not necessarily lead to certain 1 See â€Å"From Joe Camel to Kauai Kolada—The Marketing of Candy-Flavored Cigarettes,† http://lungusa. org. Part 6 Supplementary Material 350 million smokers, China has 50 million more cigarette buyers than the U. S. has people, according to Euromonitor. While smoking rates in developed countries have slowly declined, they have shot up dramatically in some developing counties where PMI is a major player. These include Pakistan (up 42 percent since 2001), Ukraine (up 36 percent), and Argentina (up 18 percent). death. Nor is it any more dangerous than other habits. Unfortunately, tobacco smoking has attracted the attention of a particularly â€Å"sanctimonious, meddling sector of society. They would do better to keep their opinions to themselves. † Generally, smoking is not a big concern of governments beset by debt, internal con? ict, drought, or famine. It is truly tragic, but the worse famine becomes, the more people smoke—just as with war, when people who are worried want to smoke. â€Å"In any case,† says one representative of an international tobacco company, â€Å"People in developing countries don’t have a long enough life expectancy to worry about smoking-related problems. You can’t turn to a guy who is going to die at age 40 and tell him that he might not live up to 2 years extra at age 70. † As for promoting cigarettes in the Third World, â€Å"If there is no ban on TV advertising, then you aren’t going to be an idiot and impose restrictions on yourself,† says the representative, â€Å"and likewise, if you get an order and you know that they’ve got money, no one is going to turn down the business. † Cigarette companies ? gure China’s self-interest will preserve its industry. Tobacco provides huge revenues for Beijing because all tobacco must be sold through the China National Tobacco Company monopoly. Duty on imported cigarettes is nearly 450 percent of their value. Consequently, tobacco is among the central government’s biggest source of funding, accounting for more than $30 billion in income in 2005. China is also a major exporter of tobacco. ANTISMOKING PROMOTIONS Since the early 1990s, multinational tobacco companies have promoted â€Å"youth smoking prevention† programs as part of their â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility† campaigns. The companies have partnered with third-party allies in Latin America, most notably nonpro? t educational organizations and education and health ministries to promote youth smoking prevention. Even though there is no evidence that these programs reduce smoking among youths, they have met the industry’s goal of portraying the companies as concerned corporate citizens. In fact, a new study proves that youth smoking prevention ads created by the tobacco industry and aimed at parents actually increase the likelihood that teens will smoke. The study, â€Å"Impact of Televised Tobacco Industry Smoking Prevention Advertising on Youth Smoking-Related Beliefs, Intentions and Behavior,† published in the December 2006 issue of the American Journal of Public Health, sought to understand how the tobacco industry uses â€Å"youth smoking prevention† programs in Latin America. Tobacco industry documents, so-called social reports, media reports, and material provided by Latin American public health advocates were all analyzed. The study is the ? rst to examine the speci? c effect of tobacco company parent-focused advertising on youth. It found that ads that the industry claims are aimed at preventing youth from smoking actually provide no bene? t to youth. In fact, the ads that are created for parental audiences but also are seen by teens are associated with stronger intentions by teens to smoke in the future. Brazil has the world’s strictest governmental laws against smoking, consisting of highly visible antismoking campaigns, severe controls on advertising, and very high tax rates on smoking products. Despite these obstacles, the number of smokers in Brazil continues to grow. In 2006, there were approximately 44 million smokers in the country, up from 38 million in 1997. Factors driving this trend include the low price of cigarettes, which are among the lowest in the world; the easy access to tobacco products; and the actions taken by the powerful tobacco companies to slow down antismoking legislation in Brazil. FOCUS ON DEVELOPING MARKETS Lawsuits, stringent legislation against advertising, laws restricting where people can smoke, and other antismoking efforts on the part of governments have caused tobacco companies to intensify their efforts in those markets where restrictions are fewer and governments more friendly. As part of a strategy to increase its sales in the developing world, Philip Morris International (PMI) was spun off from Philip Morris USA in 2008 to escape the threat of litigation and government regulation in the United States. The move frees the tobacco giant’s international operations of the legal and public-relations headaches in the United States that have hindered its growth. Its practices are no longer constrained by American public opinion, paving the way for broad product experimentation. A new product, Marlboro Intense, is likely to be part of an aggressive blitz of new smoking products PMI will roll out around the globe. The Marlboro Intense cigarette has been shrunk down by about a half inch and offers smokers seven potent puffs apiece, versus the average of eight or so milder draws. The idea behind Intense is to appeal to customers who, due to indoor smoking bans, want to dash outside for a quick nicotine hit but don’t always ? nish a full-size cigarette. The CEO of PMI says there are â€Å"possibly 50 markets that are interested in deploying Marlboro Intense. † Other product innovations include sweet-smelling cigarettes that contain tobacco, cloves and ? voring—with twice the tar and nicotine levels of a conventional U. S. cigarette. Marlboro Mix 9, a high-nicotine, high-tar cigarette launched in Indonesia in 2007, and a clove-infused Mix 9 will be exported to other southeast Asian markets next. Another iteration of the Marlboro brand, the Marlboro Filter Plus, is being sold in South Korea, Russia, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine. It touts a special ? lter made of carbon, cellulose ac etate, and a tobacco plug that the company claims lowers the tar level while giving smokers a smoother taste. One of PMI’s immediate goals is to harness the huge potential of China’s smoking population, as well as some of that country’s own brands, which it has agreed to market worldwide. With some ASSESSING THE ETHICS OF STRATEGIC DECISIONS Ethical decision making is not a simplistic â€Å"right† or â€Å"wrong† determination. Ethical ground rules are complex, tough to sort out and to prioritize, tough to articulate, and tough to use. The complexity of ethical decisions is compounded in the international setting, which comprises different cultures, different perspectives of right and wrong, different legal requirements, and different goals. Clearly, when U. S. companies conduct business in an international setting, the ground rules become further complicated by the values, customs, traditions, ethics, and goals of the host countries, which each have developed their own ground rules for conducting business. Three prominent American ethicists have developed a framework to view the ethical implications of strategic decisions by American Cases 4 Developing Global Marketing Strategies ? rms. They identify three ethical principles that can guide American managers in assessing the ethical implications of their decisions and the degree to which these decisions re? ct these ethical principles or ground rules. They suggest asking, â€Å"Is the corporate strategy acceptable according to the following ethical ground rules? † These questions can help uncover the ethical ground rules embedded in the tobacco consumption situation described in this case. These questions lead to an ethical analysis of the degree to which this str ategy is bene? cial or harmful to the parties and, ultimately, whether it is a â€Å"right† or â€Å"wrong† strategy, or whether the consequences of this strategy are ethical or socially responsible for the parties involved. These ideas are incorporated in the decision tree in Exhibit 1. Principles Utilitarian ethics (Bentham, Smith) Question Does the corporate strategy optimize the â€Å"common good† or bene? ts of all constituencies? Does the corporate strategy respect the rights of the individuals involved? Does the corporate strategy respect the canons of justice or fairness to all parties? Rights of the parties (Kant, Locke) Justice or fairness (Aristotle, Rawls) Exhibit 1 A Decision Tree for Incorporating Ethical and Social Responsibility Issues into Multinational Business Decisions Does the decision efficiently optimize the common good or benefits of: THE BUSINESS FIRM? Stockholders Management Profits Growth Other SOCIETY? Culture Order Justice â€Å"The good life† Other THE ECONOMY? THE INDIVIDUAL? Economic growth Freedom Allocation of resources Health and welfare Production and distribution Self-realization of goods and services Human dignity Other Opportunity Other YES NO YES Are there critical factors that justify suboptimizing these goals and satisfactions? NO Does the decision respect the rights of individuals involved? YES NO Reject Decision YES Are there critical factors that justify the abrogation of a right? NO Does the corporate decision respect the canons of justice or fairness to all parties involved? YES YES NO Reject Decision Are there critical factors that justify the violation of a canon of justice? NO Accept Decision Reject Decision Part 6 Supplementary Material See www. who. int, the World Health Organization’s Web site, for more details regarding the current tobacco controversy. See also www. getswat. com for a worldwide student initiative against smoking. Laczniak and Naor discuss the complexity of international ethics or, more precisely, the ethical assumptions that underlie strategic decisions for multinationals. 2 They suggest that multinationals can develop consistency in their policies by using federal law as a baseline for appropriate behavior as well as respect for the host country’s general value structure. They conclude with four recommendations for multinationals: 1. Expand codes of ethics to be worldwide in scope. 2. Expressly consider ethical issues when developing worldwide corporate strategies. . If the ? rm encounters major ethical dilemmas, consider withdrawal from the problem market. 4. Develop periodic ethics-impact statements, including impacts on host parties. 2 QUESTIONS 1. Use the model in Exhibit 1 as a guide and assess the ethical and social responsibility implications of the situations described. 2. Can you recommend alternative strategies or solutions to the dilemmas confronting the tobacco companies? To governments? What is the price of ethical behavior? 3. Should the U. S. government support U. S. tobacco company interests abroad? . Should a company be forced to stop marketing a product that is not illegal, such as cigarettes? Gene R. Laczniak and Jacob Naor, â€Å"Global Ethics: Wrestling with the Corporate Conscience,† Business, July–September 1985. Sources: â€Å"Smoke Over the Horizon; U. S. Gains in Tobacco Control Are Being Offset Internationally,† The Washington Post, July 23, 2006; â€Å"Death and Taxes: England Has Become the Latest in a Series of Countries to Vote for Restrictions on Smoking in Public Places,† Financial Management (UK), April 1, 2006; â€Å"Trick or Treat? Tobacco Industry Prevention Ads Don’t Help Curb Youth Smoking,† PR Newswire, October 31, 2006; â€Å"China Exclusive: China, With One Third of World’s Smokers, Promises a ‘Non-Smoking’ Olympics,† Xinhua News Agency, May 29, 2006; â€Å"Tobacco Consumption and Motives for Use in Mexican University Students,† Adolescence, June 22, 2006; â€Å"A Change in the Air: Smoking Bans Gain Momentum Worldwide,† Environmental Health Perspectives, August 1, 2007; â€Å"Adams Won’t Kick the BAT Habit: The Head of British American Tobacco Is Stoical About the Looming Ban on Smoking in Public Spaces: BAT will Adapt,† The Sunday Telegraph London, June 10, 2007; â€Å"Heart Disease, Stroke Plague Third World,† Associated Press (Online), April 4, 2006; â€Å"Get a Detailed Picture of the Tobacco Industry in Brazil,† M2 Press Wire, December 20, 2007; Vanessa O’Connell, â€Å"Philip Morris Readies Global Tobacco Blit z; Division Spin-off Enables Aggressive Product Push; High-Tar Smokes in Asia,† The Wall Street Journal, January 29, 2008; â€Å"The Global Tobacco Threat,† The New York Times, February 19, 2008; â€Å"How to Save a Billion Lives; Smoking,† The Economist (London,) February 9, 2008; â€Å"Whether Here or There, Cigarettes Still Kill People,† The Wall Street Journal, February 4, 2008. 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New Laws to Control Cyber Data free essay sample

Only the records made after the request will be retained. Law enforcement agencies will be prevented from seeing the information until they have secured a warrant. It is hard for authorized policemen to gather information of suspected cyber criminals because some Tells and internet providers keep deleting internet users data. Federal Attorney-General Nicola Arson said that the new laws will protect Australians from cyber crime, allow Australia to join the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercafà ©. She added that cyber crime Is increasing and affects everyone.She stated that It will be complex to address cyber crime partly because the Internet Is not limited to any one country. Scott Luda communications spokesperson for the Greens has expressed concerns that, under the law, cyber criminals caught overseas may face harsher penalties compared to Australian penalties and that this may Include capital punishment. The parliamentary committee will report on submissions regarding the proposed new laws on a date to be decided. We will write a custom essay sample on New Laws to Control Cyber Data or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The article noted that the new laws would allow access to social outworking sites such as Backbone and Twitter.Some people might say that this will be an invasion of their privacy; I say why would you put private things on the internet? Another issue seems to be the right of privacy for cyber criminals versus the responsibility of a nation to protect citizens from cyber crime. I think it is ridiculous because again why would you put private stuff on the internet and it is more important that we, honest citizens of society, are safe then allowing the criminals to use their rights to harm others.I think the proposed new laws to give lice the ability to effectively Investigate cyber crime are completely reasonable. Official scrutiny of Internet use poses no threat to law babbling people. Scott Luda is absolutely preposterous showing pity to cyber criminals. Cyber criminals choose to use computers to harm others for their own gain: victims of crime are not trying to hurt anyone through their computer use. So I say do whatever you want with the criminals, I dont care! Off with their heads! I dont understand why it has taken so long to reach this stage.I think it should have been considered way before now. Cyber crime has been established for a long time and people are entitled to the protection of their government. In my opinion, the proposed new law will provide more benefits then threats to most Australians: is overdue and is essential for effective law enforcement In cyber space. Keeping each and every one of the Australian internet users internet history in the force Telecoms and internet service providers to keep the records of people suspected will protect Australians from cyber crime, allow Australia to Join the Council of EuropeConvention on Cybercafà ©. She added that cyber crime is increasing and affects everyone. She stated that it will be complex to address cyber crime partly because the internet is not limited to any one country. Scott Luda communications penalties and that this may include capital punishment. The parliamentary police the ability to effectively investigate cyber crime are completely reasonable. Official scrutiny of internet use poses no threat to law abiding people. Scott Luda effective law enforcement in cyber space.

Online Enrollment System Conceptual Framework free essay sample

Online enrollment system is utilized today by many universities to facilitate the enrollment of their students into classes every semester (Gaton, 2012). The system allows students to choose courses they want to take with the available class schedules. This allows students to make up their time schedules for different class courses without time schedule conflicts. After the allotted enrollment period, the system runs and assigns slots to students. With the Online Student Enrollment System, students could login, check their schedule, and set desired changes and pay online without having to stand in a line and rushing to meet deadlines to accomplish all the transactions required for enrollment (Ella, 2012). It would be less time consuming and very convenient. a. How OEM Works How about a student online enrollment system conveniently linked to your information portal? This service could help lessen the amount of time and effort in enrolling for subjects in every semester (Marchan, 2012). We will write a custom essay sample on Online Enrollment System Conceptual Framework or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You might have encountered some websites which provide services that require registration online. The customer information is stored in the database and used for every transactions made. This eliminates manual registration and sometimes payment process for customers. All businesses are accomplished fast, efficient and conveniently, in your computer. According to Binayao(2010), Online Systems usually follows this simple diagram(refer to Fig. 1 below). Figure 1 New students need to sign up by filling out the personal information page with their unique ID number to be activated by the secretary. The system recognizes the valid user ID. The secretary can add grades of the students. Thus, the students can view their grades online. The system evaluates the subjects previously taken by the students and generates a list of subjects that the students can enroll. After the students have selected the subjects to be enrolled, the proposed system shows the different schedules of each subject. Finally, the system generates the enrollment form that contains the financial statement and schedules of subject. The administrator can add curriculum, subjects, and schedules. He can also view the students’ profile and the list of students enrolled in every subject and in every department. b. Online Systems and their Maintenance The Internet is the most convenient and efficient commodity for organizations and businesses alike. Websites function as a portal for members, customers and others to communicate, provide services and support 24-hours a day. It is cost effective for promotion, marketing and information dissemination (Ella,2012) NLS, NAPOLCOM, SOL, and GoDirect are a few of the leading providers on Online System Worldwide(Ella,2012). They all differ on structure, but all of them offers great service on an affordable price. In the Philippines, universities like UST, FEU and DLSU all created their own systems of Online Enrollment. Johnston (2009) implies that maintaining OE Systems may require license updates, upgrades, and hardware maintenance. It may cost $5-$25(equivalent to P200-P1000) per User per Month, depending on the System. ONLINE ENROLLMENT METHOD VS. TRADITIONAL METHOD OF ENROLLMENT In the past couple of decades, computers and technology have revolutionized once-slow processes, saving industries time and money in ways not previously possible. With today’s budget crisis, school districts are looking for ways to use computers and the Internet to streamline school business processes while substantially lowering their cost (Anderson, 2011). Still, traditional methods/systems are used more often than not in enrollment procedures of universities (Apon, 2012). Enrollment serves as a vital part in the life of every student upon entering schools or universities, either public or in private. It gives students the impression on how the whole institute manages and manipulates the entire body. Moreover, enrolment serves as the first experience of all students by which he/she takes part, according to So (2012). One of the factors considered here is the lack of manpower to accommodate all enrollees. Also considered are the tedious task of filling out the application form and the inaccuracies of information provided by the students. These factors cause enrollment delay, which is disadvantageous to the enrolment personnel and the enrollees (Leonar, 2010). Still, the availability of Online Systems has its own advantages and disadvantages, much like how the traditional method of enrollment has its own (Marchan, 2012). Some of the factors that may be affected are: 1. The Number of Workers utilized in Enrollments (along with their salaries) 2. The Maintenance Cost of Online Systems . The Fund Available These factors must be looked up first before deciding which is better for a university. a. Top-rated Universities in the Phil. and their Methods of Enrollment According to Forman (2007) in his article â€Å"New Research Perspectives on Mobility, Organizations, Systems and Technologies†, continuing innovation in technologies can lead to organizational changes that range from improvement of day-to-day operation and for easy access it provides for the end users. Many schools today have adapted this innovation in the offering of their services. In the Philippines, Ateneo De Manila, De La Salle, Far-Eastern, and other top-rated universities accepted the challenge and created their own Online Systems of Enrollment. b. Enrollment System of SLU The Current Enrollment System of SLU is similar to the traditional method, wherein a student is required to enroll and transact personally in the enrollment rooms of the university. Old and new students need to fill up application forms like pre-enrollment form, and will input validated ID and registration forms to the department enrollment officers.  The current system needs those information to process the enrollment of the students. Enrollment Systems like this are slow, and takes time and energy from the students and enrollment officers alike (Lucas, 2010).

Free Essays on Concert Review - String

When I first started this semester I thought I knew the basics about music and its history. I felt comfortable with the amount of exposure I had to music, plays, and various instruments. When our music class was assigned the concert review paper, I thought that I would be attending a concert that I would consider a good experience. However, after walking out of the concert this past Tuesday, I couldn’t believe that I had never attended a concert before. It was really a wonderful experience that was different from what I have imagined, and I’m quite convinced that everyone (at least once in their lifetime), should attend some type of concert. I was a bit unacquainted with how to prepare for a concert, but I wanted to make sure I understood what I was going to be listening to and watching. I reviewed the notes from class about what to wear, when to clap, and what to expect. It was important to me that I learned about the composers and compositions being played before walking into the concert. On May 1st, I went down to the recital hall and copied the names of the composers down from the program on the wall. I went home later that night and researched about Sibelius, Franck, Ravel, and Sarasate. I learned about their styles, time period, and what their music sounded like. I know that these composers really represent a transitional time in music. Their music was based in the Romantic period, but began the transformation to 20th century music. I have never heard of these composers, but I did find one composition name rather familiar. I researched Sarasate’s, Carmen Fantasy, because I had this name as a ring tone on my cellular. I was excited that I was going to be hearing a melody that I was going to recognize and I wondered if it was going to sound like what I expected. I found out that Carmen Fantasy (1883), was for the violin and orchestra, and it makes use of themes from Georges Bizet's opera Carmen. With all of this information ... Free Essays on Concert Review - String Free Essays on Concert Review - String When I first started this semester I thought I knew the basics about music and its history. I felt comfortable with the amount of exposure I had to music, plays, and various instruments. When our music class was assigned the concert review paper, I thought that I would be attending a concert that I would consider a good experience. However, after walking out of the concert this past Tuesday, I couldn’t believe that I had never attended a concert before. It was really a wonderful experience that was different from what I have imagined, and I’m quite convinced that everyone (at least once in their lifetime), should attend some type of concert. I was a bit unacquainted with how to prepare for a concert, but I wanted to make sure I understood what I was going to be listening to and watching. I reviewed the notes from class about what to wear, when to clap, and what to expect. It was important to me that I learned about the composers and compositions being played before walking into the concert. On May 1st, I went down to the recital hall and copied the names of the composers down from the program on the wall. I went home later that night and researched about Sibelius, Franck, Ravel, and Sarasate. I learned about their styles, time period, and what their music sounded like. I know that these composers really represent a transitional time in music. Their music was based in the Romantic period, but began the transformation to 20th century music. I have never heard of these composers, but I did find one composition name rather familiar. I researched Sarasate’s, Carmen Fantasy, because I had this name as a ring tone on my cellular. I was excited that I was going to be hearing a melody that I was going to recognize and I wondered if it was going to sound like what I expected. I found out that Carmen Fantasy (1883), was for the violin and orchestra, and it makes use of themes from Georges Bizet's opera Carmen. With all of this information ...

What are the factors driving the growth of township and village Essay

What are the factors driving the growth of township and village enterprises (TVES) in China What barriers to continued growth do they face - Essay Example The presence of TVE’s has contributed a lot in he state-run market. In the community side, the TVE’s contributed greatly to countryside improvement both in cost-effective and societal fields (Yueh, 2010:75). This reduced greatly the country side unemployment pressure the government had to deal with. This paper will endeavor to examine the inclusive factors driving the growth of TVE’s and the barriers in their continuous growth. First, the TVE’s have been integrated into the world economy. The location of these enterprises sits deep in the rural town of china. In such areas as the coastal l province of Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangsu were majority are concentrated, the areas have a rich historical background. They possess prominent historical archives and are closely linked to Chinese capitals such as Hong Kong, Taiwan and Southeast Asia (Yueh, 2010:142). The close ties between the TVE’s have created the requirement of international division of labor and this forms an added advantage to rural china. They thus attract overseas Chinese investors. This has in consequence pumped a lot of money and real development and expansion plans have been initiated leading to their uncontrollable growth. The growth and [potential avenues of exploitation is the reason these TVE’s have emerged so strong. These rural setting have again contributed to importance of TVE’s growth. In these loc ations, the locals have provided well- disciplined and affordable Chinese work force (Tsui et al., 2006:201). This contributes to the successful operation the industries. The output per the TVE’s considerably keeps on going up as a result of dedicated work force. The provisions of tax exemption, currency conversion, and other open door policy as preferential treatment have attracted other international investors. This brings in more developments of these local TVE’s

Business ethics nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Business ethics nature - Essay Example Numerous ethical problems have been identified in the article which impact on the business of multinationals in foreign nations. Besides, the article highlights the aspect of culture which can also have an impact on ethical business performance (Lau, 2013). The objective of the report is to discuss the article in brief regarding the essence of its topic and ethical aspects. The report also discusses the ways of resolving the identified issues of ethics and culture faced by people. An Overview of the Essence of the Article The article discusses about globalisation, cultural shock and significance of teaching business ethics. It is a common awareness that business and ethics are not companionable, due to this reason, business at times contributes to unethical manners of commercial activities. Several business scandals, in recent times, prove the fact that unethical business activities are prevalent in organisations. However, unethical activities have their own costs. Due to these inher ent costs, which are related with unethical business activities, this trend is gradually changing since executives distinguish that unethical business decisions have an influence on the goodwill of an organisation (Lau, 2013). The article also emphasised on teaching business ethics in universities. Ethics in this context is considered as a set of principles people use in order to determine whether their actions are good or bad. Every organisation faces certain ethical consequences. Ethical organisations attract quality employees and the prevailing ethical practices result in higher level of job satisfaction. It is a common fact that in the long run, ethical organisations can financially overtake unethical organisations (Lau, 2013). Discussion The article discusses about globalisation and the impact of culture on making adjustments in a foreign nation. Furthermore, the article also discusses about understanding the importance of business ethics in modern day business environment. In this context, it can be stated that globalisation is creating universal standards for commercial activities and these activities are becoming more demanding in multinational organisations. Since more multinational organisations are adopting these standards, it becomes ever more vital for every business to develop companywide core principles, standards of behaviour and relevant policies which are in tune with the world ethics and compliance environment (Dutton, 2011). The article states about cultural shock which is experienced by students who arrive in a foreign country for the purpose of study or for occupation. In a foreign nation, people require to make certain adjustments. In essence, cultural shock is common for every individual when they experience an unaccustomed mode of life in a new nation. To put in simple words, cultural shock is considered as a simple travel to other sort of life. In modern days, cultural shock plays vital part in intercultural communication and in assoc iated disciplines such as cross-culture education (Dutton, 2011). The multinational organisations have to predominately deal with the notion of cultural shock amid a number of their expatriate

Effects of Down Syndrome on Overall Well-being

Effects of Down Syndrome on Overall Well-being Effect of Down Syndrome Researcher finds out the strength and weaknesses of children with Down syndrome and comparison with normal children. This study compared Down syndrome child and typically developing children on cognitive ability across five aspects of child development which are language, self-help, gross motor, socioemotional and fine motor. Researcher found that Down syndrome children they perform significantly worse in the language if compared to typically developing children. The primary finding in this study is language is the most difficulties for kids with Down syndrome due to abnormal cognitive development would negatively affect language learning and acquisition (Haikal, S. 2012). The findings for the four development aspects are self –help, gross motor, socioemotion and fine motor. The result shows that Down syndrome score lower than normal children. It shows positive finding in this study may due to the children with Down syndrome they receive early intervention in their early childhood. The findings were supported by previous researches, which noted that children with Down syndrome may get considerable progress if under the efficient and appropriate intervention and training, even achieve to the typically developing level, such as motor skill, socioemotional ability (Haikal, S. 2012). Although children with Down syndrome they developmentally delayed in many aspects, but they will perform better if they receive early intervention program (EI). A longitude and descriptive written report, which compared children with Down syndrome experienced with early intervention programs (EI) and without early intervention program confirmed the positive result of early intervention to children with Down syndrome (Haikal, S. 2012). The outcome indicated that kids with Down syndrome under the EI program have significantly higher scores on intellectual and adaptive functioning than those without early intervention. Down syndrome children they get well record and good impression from the community. They also did better on socioemotional assessment. Previous research shows that Down syndrome children usually experience more or less difficulties in self-care activities, such as grooming. There are some similar results found in this study that children with Down syndrome performed quite worse on self-help tasks, which may due to the younger age of this study sample. The performance of self-care activities were shown more related to the fine motor skills required. The self-help skill at school-aged children with Down syndrome found that over half of them (59.7%) needed no help with self-care tasks, which mean the self –care skill can improve with increased age (Haikal, S. 2012). On the other hand, Down syndrome people show poor on social interactions with others. People who face social skill deficits can contribute to isolation from friendships and peer interactions and can limit further opportunities to improve social skills. Social skill deficit is problematic because it will lead to negative experiences and avoidance of social interactions (Hajar, B. 2012). Some of the research show that improving children with Down syndrome’ social skills can offset the growth of more serious maladjustment. In the process of socialization, the kid will learn the right attitudes, skills, values, and behavior so that they will able to role play in the society. The answers demonstrated that social skills’ training is effective in the socialization improvement in Down syndrome children and this improvement was maintained over a 2-month follow-up period (Hajar, B. 2012). This study showed social skill training, increasing the ability positive relational behavior with the people with Down syndrome. The researcher also found that social skills training effective to better social behavior adjustment in adolescent. In the intervention group, it appears a model of social skills and appropriate ways to approach various situations of children with Down syndrome. These models will teach new behaviors to children and it also will correct an inappropriate behavior that the children have. Students with disability who acquire good social skills, and show more favorable in terms of social behavior, have more positive self-concept, and this leads to the understanding of their limitations and capabilities to better ways (Hajar, B. 2012) . Thus, it is necessary to consider social skills training to all students, especially students with mental retardation who have trouble in passing along with peers. Obviously, appropriate social skills training and providing opportunities and experiences will increase their social interactions, and causes the students to apply strategies and social skills in all environments and real life situations (Hajar, B. 2012). Developmental disabilities also identified with Down syndrome child. They are eligible to receive early intervention service. The benefit of early intervention is understanding the strengths, abilities and special needs of youngster, knowing the rights and talk on the child’s behalf. It also can assist the child to develop and learn, having a support system and be involved in the community (Aniza, I. 2013). Researchers also found that the mean of each domain in children who received early intervention is more eminent than those who received late intervention. This indicates that the family will have better family outcomes as a result of early intervention in many aspects. Family outcomes study by NEILS found that parents agreed their childrens participation in early intervention programs has enabled them to assist their children to grow and learn, give them the opportunity to work with the professional and speak on behalf of their children about their needs. According to a study by the National Early Intervention longitude Longitudinal Study (NEILS), mothers education level and family income also have a substantial relation to the family outcomes. Parents with higher education levels have a more positive result in the family outcomes. Poorly educated parents are usually found to have less knowledge compared to those who are well educated so they are not aware about the advantages related to exposure and the establishment of early intervention programs in their place (Aniza, I. 2013). Besides that, Cunningham found economic burden will affect family ties and increase family stress because raising children requires a lot of financial sacrifices especially for the families of children with special needs. Thus, the government has established training and service center for these families, namely Kompleks KASIH Keluarga who organized programs and services aimed to strengthen the family unit (Aniza, I. 2013). Through this, parents who have children with disabilities can gain more knowledge about their special children and how to handle their family through participation in programs and workshops. Down syndrome (DS) child will experience healthy problem, and have less access to health care than the general population. There are some article show the benefits of physical activity for children with down syndrome and some intervention programs for this population. Evidence proves the benefits of physical activity for the wellbeing of body, brain, and the decrease of risk of chronic disease. Various studies indicated that physical activity improved psychological well-being. In layman word is the way in which we deal, with stress and mental functioning, such as decision making, planning, and short-term memory, reduced anxiety, and promoted healthier sleep patterns. Besides that, there are more or less positive effects of regular physical activity are an improvement in cardiovascular and respiratory muscle function, a reduction in coronary artery disease risk factors such as elevated systolic, diastolic blood pressures and a diminished degree of overall mortality and morbidity. The benefits also may include enhanced feelings of wellbeing, and enhanced performance at workplace, refreshment, and sports activities (Lotan, M. 2007). Heller found that a group of adults with DS, who participated in a fitness and health education program for 12 weeks, in that respect are some changes of their attitudes towards practice, proved more positive expected outcomes and improved life satisfaction (Lotan, M. 2007). On the other hand, researchers have performed a jog/walk program for DS participants. The researcher can conclude that adults with DS were able to improve their aerobic capacity when performing a systematic and well-designed aerobic training program. This program demonstrated significant improvement in muscle strength and dynamic balance, supporting a positive outcome. Carmeli implemented a pain-free treadmill walking program for adults with DS and arterial occlusive disease. Some of the participants showed significant improvements in walking speed, distance, and duration. Pain levels were concentrated in people suffering from intermittent claudication. Therefore, it is recommended to carry out such programs throughout the lifetime span of individuals with DS (Lotan, M. 2007).

Leo XIII: Rerum Novarum

1. What did Leo say about the poor people? The present age has handed over the working poor to inhumane employers and greedy competitors. (a. 6) He saw the working poor as needy and helpless, (a. 66) And they are insufficiently protected against injustices and violence. (a. 32) 2. What did he want the working poor to understand? He wanted the working poor to understand that the lowest in society cannot be made equal with the highest and that poverty is no disgrace. (a. 37) To suffer and endure is human. (a. 27) The working poor are told not to injure the property or person of their employers and not to forcibly the property of others. (a. 55) 3. What was the moral component of Leo's message? The message to the working poor seems to be aimed at calming and consoling the poor, encouraging them to accept their position in society without rancor and without harm to others. Leo sought to enlist the aid of the working poor in preserving good order. 4. What did Leo say to those who work with the poor? Leo XIII declared that the working poor must be cared for. Employers have clear moral obligations: workers are not to be treated as slaves; the dignity of your workers' human personality must be respected; do not use people as things for gain; do not oppress the needy or the wretched for your own profit. The approach to employers is on a high moral plane, but it is also very practical: you need your poor worker, so work with him harmoniously. It is immoral to treat workers unjustly, and it is also not in the best interest of ownership and management. 5. What was the message to the employers? Leo warns the employers against the pitfalls of being wealthy; pointing out that wealth does not end sorrow and that it is a hindrance to eternal happiness. In view of eternity, what counts is not how much we have but how we use what we have, and we will have to account to God for our use of wealth 6. What did the Pope say to the wealthy? The wealthy are told that their goods are for their perfection and the benefit of others, and they are encouraged to share their goods when they see others in need: when the need is extreme, the demand is of justice: otherwise, the demand is of charity. 7. What was R.N's teachings of unions and strikes? The encyclical comes down strongly in favour of unions, stating that their increase is to be desired. (a. 69) The immediate object of unions is the private advantage of those associated, so that workers are to use their unions to secure increase in goods of body, soul and prosperity. (a. 71) The principal goal of unions is moral and religious perfection. (a. 77) The message about preserving good order is clear and unmistakable, but so is the message about standing up for rights. Leo XIII wanted the working poor to protect their interests, to make demands, to press their claims, and the principal means for doing this was the formation of unions. 8. What did Leo say about working conditions? Wages should never be less than enough to support a worker who is thrifty and upright. (a. 63) Work should not be so long that it dulls the spirit or that the body sinks from exhaustion. (a. 59) The factors in the establishment of hours are listed as: the nature of the work; the circumstances of time and place; the physical condition of the workers. (a. 59) 9. What was his stand on private ownership and property? Private ownership must be preserved inviolate. (a. 23) Must be regarded as sacred. (a. 65) It is wrong for ownership to be limited to a small number of people, and private property must be spread among the largest number of population. (a. 65) And a more equitable division of goods. (a. 66) 10. How did Leo see the role of government? The purpose of government is to cause public and individual well-being. (a. 48) The government must protect the community and it's constituent parts. (a. 52) Protect equitably each and every class of citizens. (a. 49) Give special consideration to the weak and poor. (a. 54) This special care should include the working poor. (a. 54) Improve the condition of workers. (a. 48) Safeguard the well-being and interests of workers. (a. 49) Protection of the goods of the worker's soul. (a. 57) The government's intervention in matters of wages, hours, and working conditions should be avoided. (a. 64) The government does not have the authority to forbid unions. (a. 72) It can oppose, dissolve and prevent unions when their objective is at variance with good morals, justice, or to it that there are no strikes. (a. 56) It should seek to remove the causes of strikes. (a. 56) Government must permit freedom of action to individuals and families. (a. 52) Government should give public aid to families in extreme difficulty. (a. 21) Â · Briefly summarise the popes intention and purpose for the Rerum Novarum. The Popes intention was his conviction that the present ages has handed over the working poor to inhumane employers and greedy competitors. He wanted to help the working poor by setting these rules. These rules help people to know their roles and obligations when dealing with work.

Malaysia Traditional Games

INTRODUCTION Multi-racial society in Malaysia has a wide variety of cultural grasped from different roots. Culture was consolidated into a unique culture because almost every descent has custom forming their respective cultures. These include the likes cooperate economic activities, where the bond is strengthened and Forge Closer with brio events and entertainment. Many games were contested because of such customs. Traditional games have been able to form a part of life experienced by the ancestors communities respectively.Important foundation that guarantees the continuity of traditional games in the past is uniformity way our ancestors lived. Even since I was small they familiarize themselves with this state. Some of these games are now not played yet but is only known by the parents and grandparents. But still there are some children playing it today. Some of the games, including pride, kite, selambut, sepak raga, tops, kabaddi, mahjong, etc.. CONGKAK The word  congkak  is bel ieved to originate from old  Malay  Ã¢â‚¬Å"congak†, meaning â€Å"mental calculation†.The oldest  mancala  game boards were found in a ruined fort of Roman Egypt and date back to the 4th century AD by our Persatuan  National Geographic . After that, the game was likely introduced to Southeast Asia by Indian or Arab traders in the 15th century throughmerchants via Malacca , an important trading post at that time Congkak has simple rules that allow the boards to have different numbers of holes. Congkak boards are often made of teak or mahogany wood . Normally Congkak has two rows of seven circular holes and two large holes at both ends named â€Å" Home â€Å" . How to play?The game begins with seven game pieces (marbles or seeds) in each hole except â€Å"homes† which remain empty. Congkak requires two players . Each player controls the seven holes on his side and owns the â€Å"home† to his left. The goal is to accumulate as many pieces in your own â€Å"home†. On a turn, a player removes all pieces from one of the seven holes on his side. He then distributes them clockwise — one in each hole to the left of this hole — . This process skips an opponent's â€Å"home† but not a player's own â€Å"home†. The game ends when no pieces are left in any hole on both sides of the board.The players now count the number of pieces in their own â€Å"home† and see who has won. Director Ahmad Idham produced before 1 movie name  filem Congkak  at the year 2008 . If you wish to understand more about Congkak , can refer to this movie. WAU Now we are moving to the next part, namely â€Å"Wau†. For your general knowledge, Wau is actually farmer’s friend. Normally, farmers use it to represent a flying scarecrow in order to fend off birds from paddy fields. To prevent from over-using chemical substances to control the productivity of paddy, this may be an effective method to avoid har vested paddy from falling victim to the winged creatures.Somebody said that the sound made by Wau is an excellent lullaby for the farmer’s children. This is because the melody helps restless kids catch forty winks while the farmers could go about their tasks uninterrupted History of Wau Bulan shows that it is the brainchild of the Sri Wijaya empire, symbolizing Dewa Muda’s effort to reunify the empire. The young prince used the Wau as a canvas to map out the conquered districts using fine patterns and flowers. Before he went to war, Dewa Muda would meditate in a cave to gain some spiritual insights. He then exist the cave with a basic structure of Wau Bulan before he going off to war.After his return from a battle, the design kept on ‘growing’, symbolizing the strength of his empire; much to the pride and delight of his people. As a result, Wau Bulan could then said to derive its name from its tail which resembles that of a crescent, from the medium of tra nsportation for Dewa Muda to ascend to the heavens. Below are the steps for creating Wau your own. First of all, the spine of Wau is measured into 3 parts, then making the point of separation. Wau wing section will tie first. Wing that is tied will also be tied at the marked point of wau spine.Then, bind at the top and bottom of the tail spine and make sure that the balance in both sides. After that, attach the end of the tail for both left and right to the wing. For the waist of the Wau, make 2 semi circles from the bamboo stick to form a circle as shown in Wau Bulan picture above. Lastly, make the head Wau with binding half of the head with Wau wing with 2-inch distance from the spine. SEPAK BULU AYAM (CHAPTEH) The chapteh is one of the Asian games. Before the â€Å"chapteh† have approached to Malaysia , actually the sepak bulu ayam game already appeared in the 5th century BC in china.The earliest reference to a game of kicking a feathered object dates back to the 5th centu ry BC in China . At that time, the chapteh is used to train military men and later known as Ti Jian Zu or †kick little shuttlecock†. For the shaolin monks in Henan, they practiced the game to strengthen their martial skills. In Vietnam, the game is known as da cau, while in Indonesia they called it as sepak kenchi. In the 2003 SEA Games held in Vietnam,  capteh  was a prevalent sport. Internationally, Featherball Associations in Europe, USA and Turkey also show how international the game has become.In Malaysia and Singapore, the game also known as chapteh . The game was most welcomed by the malay citizen in the Malaysia, and become one of their traditional games. After that, the chapteh was accepted by other races and as variants of the name of sepak bulu ayam included capteh, chaptek and chatek seem to appear in Malaysia. DESCRIPTION Chapteh consist of feathers attached to a rubber or plastic sole. HOW TO PLAY The chapteh requires players to keep a weighted shuttlec ock in the air, usually using their feet, or other parts of the body may be used, except for the hands.It can be play individually or in a team. For individual, the longest time you keep the chapteh in the air, the higher the score you will get, the higher the chance to be champion. While in a group or team, a circle is drawn. The game is played in the circle with the first assigned player attempting to keep the  capteh  in the air until it falls to the ground within the circle. Then the next team member continues the count while playing in the circle. This continues until all team members have taken a turn in the game.The winning team is the one that scores the highest number of total kicks. BENEFITS The game can improve our hand-eye coordination. MAHJONG Mahjong is a game that originated in China, commonly played by four players. While the single player tile matching game mahjong solitaire is familiar in the West, in Asia it is the four-player table version which holds predomi nance and has little in common with the solitaire version other than using the same tiles. Similar to the Western card game rummy, mahjong is a game of skill, strategy and calculation and involves a certain degree of chance.The game is played with a set of 136 tiles based on Chinese characters and symbols, although some regional variations use a different number of tiles. In most variations, each player begins by receiving thirteen tiles. In turn players draw and discard tiles until they complete a legal hand using the fourteenth drawn tile to form four groups (melds) and a pair (head). There are fairly standard rules about how a piece is drawn, stolen from another player and thus melded, the use of simples (numbered tiles) and honours (winds and dragons), the kinds of melds, and the order of dealing and play.However there are many regional variations in the rules; in addition, the scoring system and the minimum hand necessary to win varies significantly based on the local rules bei ng used. THE MAHJONG SET A set of mahjong tiles usually has at least 136 tiles (most commonly 144). Mahjong tiles are split into these categories: suits, honor, and flowers. Each rectangular shaped tile is about 1 ? inch x 1 inch x ? inch. The thick layer, the layer made of white bone or plastic is ? inch of the tile’s height, while the thin layer, the layer made of imitation onyx, is ? inch of the tile’s height.Each tile weighs about ? ounce and has a smooth texture, much like the smoothness of marble. This can be attributed to the fact that all sides of each tile, including the edges, are polished to the point where no roughness exists. This is usually the work of machines which have the capacity to obtain complete smoothness. The face of each tile (length 1 ? inch x width 1 inch) is carved with different letters or symbols. Due to the complexity of some of the characters and symbols, the designs are hand carved and filled in with paints of various colors. The tiles can be divided into 4 groups of 34 tiles each.Within each group, the tiles are divided among the five suits or series. Each of the 4 groups are identical. In other words, there are four tiles of each design (4 x 34=136). The remaining 8 tiles are flowers. Suits There are three different suits numbered 1 to 9, which are called simple tiles. They are bamboo, characters, and circles. Suit| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| Bamboos| | | | | | | | | | Characters| | | | | | | | | | Circles| | | | | | | | | | Honors There are two different honor suits: the winds and the dragons. The winds are east, south, west and north, and the dragons are red middle, prosperity and White board.They have no numerical sequence and there are four tiles of each honor (e. g. four Red middle tiles). Bonus Tiles There are only eight tiles: four flowers and four seasons. WindsEast,South,West,North| DragonsRed middle,Prosperity,WhiteBoard| FlowersPlum,Orchid,Chrysathemun,Bamboo| SeasonsSpring,Summer,Autumn,Winter | CHIN ESE YO-YO The Chinese yo-yo is a toy from China consisting of two equally-sized discs connected with a long axle. The Chinese yo-yo is kept spinning on a string tied to two sticks at its ends. Each stick is held in one hand.In modern times, it is used as a children's toy and as a performance tool in juggling and sometimes in Chinese ethnic dance. It is possible to perform a large variety of tricks with the Chinese yo-yo which can be as easy as throwing the yo-yo up into the air or tossing it around the user's back. It was found during the Ming dynasty; roughly 1386-1644. Design Chinese yo-yos were traditionally made of bamboo, which was very easy to break and not convenient for complicated tricks. Modern models, however, are now made of plastic for added durability. The sticks used with the yo-yo ontinue to be made of wood. Some Chinese yo-yos have grooves inset in the rim of the discs; these grooves cause them to make a whistling sound when spinning at high speeds. The sound allows the performer to gauge his speed and adjust the yo-yo accordingly. vs The Chinese yo-yo has been adapted in western countries as the diabolo. The Chinese yo-yo differs from the diabolo in two primary ways. First, the axle of the Chinese yo-yo is much longer than that of the diabolo. Also, the Chinese yo-yo has wheel-shaped discs, whereas the diabolo consists of two bell-shapes.The Chinese yoyo is also typically grooved and made of hard plastic, while diabolos are not grooved and usually made of a durable rubber material. How to play If you are right handed, follow the instructions precisely. If you are left handed, reverse the handedness of the instructions. 1. Place the yo-yo down on the ground directly in front of you. Put the string under the axle (the metal bit). 2. Roll the yo-yo over to your right foot, and let it stop. Then roll it over to the left or just back and forth, and lift the sticks into the air when it reaches the foot.This gives the yo-yo initial rotational moment um that stabilizes it when you lift it into the air. 3. Before it stops spinning, move the right stick up and down in a â€Å"hitting† motion. Try to imagine cutting a carrot with a kitchen knife. Try to keep this up as long as possible without the yo-yo falling off. 4. The yo-yo will naturally tilt away from or toward you. Do not fret; this is easily controlled. If the yo-yo is tilting toward you, move your right hand forward. If it is tilting away from you, move your right hand back. Do this while continuing to move the right stick up and down.This works by pushing against the top of the yo-yo with the string. 5. The yo-yo naturally tends to unbalance until you learn to keep it at consistent high speeds. Until then, you can rectify the balance of the yo-yo by moving the right stick it the opposite direction yo-yo is leaning, like if it's leaning forward, bring the stick backwards. 6. When you can keep the yo-yo level and with reasonable speed, try learning to throw and catc h it. This is done by simply pulling the two hand sticks apart rapidly, causing the yo-yo to fly up. To catch, simply position the string underneath he axle of the yo-yo. XIANGQI(CHINESE CHESS) Chinese Chess called as Xiangqi or Xiangqi in Chinese, it’s categorised under tactics and strategy game with only two players on each game. Besides, it’s one of the famous games among Chinese communities and played by adult as well as children. Actually, xiangqi has the meaning of ‘Elephant Game’, which Xiang refers to ‘Elephant’ while Qi refers to ‘Game’. The game regard as a war between two armies, Chu and Han, with the aims of capturing the enemy’s king, the player considered wins the game after successfully captured the enemy’s general.There is a river separate the two opposite sides that called as Chu River and Han Jie, meaning Han Border, which is a reference to the Chu-Han war. Xiangqi normally played on a board that co nsist of 10 lines long by 9 lines wide, the pieces are placed on the intersections of the line which also known as points. There are total of 32 pieces on the board with 16 pieces on each side. Normally, the pieces are designed with red and black colours while each piece labelled with different character. Piece| Point| | Advisor| | Cannon| | Chariot| | Elephant| | General| | Horse| | Soldier|Differences characters have different kind of movement on the board, player are not allowed to move the pieces to a point that already occupied by another piece of the same army or stack on it. But players are allowed to capture enemy’s piece by moved to the point occupied and remove the opponent’s piece from the board, the opponent piece is considered as being ‘killed’. The general is said to be â€Å"in check† when the general is in danger situation of being captured by the enemy player on his next move. At the same time, the player who’s going to captu re the general should announce the check immediately in order to warn the opponent side.If the general's player can make no move to prevent the enemy from capture the king, the situation is called as â€Å"checkmate† and the game is end. Xiang Qi origins from Asia but there are a lot of leagues and club all around the world. For example, there are United Kingdom Chinese Chess Association in Britain and Malaysia Chinese Chess Association in Malaysia. Today, xiangqi developed rapidly and now everyone can plays xiangqi game through online or even install the game in the computer. KABADDI Kabaddi in India is counted among the most common and widely played traditional sports.Kabaddi originated in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, almost 4000 years ago. According to a legend, this game came into existence, when a boy hit another boy for this candy. The boy who was hit chased the boy who hit him, and hit him back and ran away. Kabaddi also known as the â€Å"Game of the Masses† is the game, one person play against seven people which requires both skill and power on behalf of the players, and it also combines the characteristics of wrestling and rugby. LEGENDS ATTACHED TO KABADDI Kabaddi is a rather simple and inexpensive game, and it does not require a massive playing area, or any expensive equipment.There are some ancient scripts that refers to the existence of kabaddi in India. In Mahabharata, Arjuna had a unique talent in the game of kabaddi, as he was able to go inside the wall of enemies, destroy them all and come back unscathed. According to the Buddhist literature, Gautam Buddha used to play Kabaddi for recreation. Morever, the game earned a lot of popularity in the Sourthen part of Asia. ORIGIN OF KABADDI Kabaddi is probably the only game of offence and defence in which attack is an individual attempt. The word ‘Kabaddi’ may have originated from the Tamil words kai (hand) and pidi (catch).MODERN DAY KABADDI The standard rules and regu lations for Kabaddi were also formulated in 1918; however, the rules were brought out in print in the year 1932. The Amateur Kabaddi Federation came into existence in the year, in 1972. This body was formed with a view to popularize the game in the neighbouring countries and also to organize regular National Level tournaments. India was also instrumental in including Kabaddi in the main disciplines of the XI Asian Games held at Beijing, China in 1990. This was a major landmark in the history of kabaddi in India, as India won the Gold Medal in this championship.India also won the Gold Medals in the succending Asian Games held in 1994 at Hiroshima, Japan and in the Asian Games held in 1998 at Bangkok in Thailand. India played an important role in introducing the game of kabaddi to the African countries, while hosting a demonstration sport in the Afro- Asian games, in 2002. India also successfully took part in the first World Kabaddi Championship held at Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Kaba ddi in india touched another milestone in 2004, when India hosted the first ever Kabaddi World Cup, in Mumbai.India became the winner of the World Cup, as well. India has produced a number of talented Kabaddi players, so far, who have earned international recognition. CHATURANGA â€Å"Chaturanga â€Å" is one ot the oldest brain in the game world, played in ancient India. The game considered to be the ancestor of moderm day chess and the kings and princes of ancient India. The Sanskrit word â€Å"Chaturanga† means â€Å"having four limbs or parts† and it was also used describe the Indian army of Vedic times, where a platoon had four division like elephants,chariots, cavalry,and infantry.The board of chaturanga â€Å"Ashtapada† (eight – square)†. Chaturanga was played during Gupta period. The game is presumed to be the common ances of the games of Chess,Shogi, and Makruk and it is related to Xiangqi and Janggi, as well. Banabhatta’ Harsha Ch aritha (c. 625)contains the earliest reference to the name â€Å"Chaturanga† . the game developed in Gupta India around the 6th century and 7th century, it was adopted as Shatianj in Sassanid Persia. Rhere are evidences like Sanskrit document, â€Å"Vasavadatta† from Subhandu that suggests Chaturanga as the ancestors of modern Chess.The pieces of Chaturanga had a lot of similarity with that of modern Chess. The pieces of Chauiranga were called as Raja(King), Mantri(Counsellor,ancestors of the Ferz), Gaja (Elephant,also named as Fil,later,Asva(Horse),Ratha(Chariot later called Rook) , and Pedati (Infantry of Pawns) . HOW TO PLAY The rules of moving the pieces in Chaturanga were also quite similar to that of modern Chess. The King was allowed to move as usual, but it had additional power. It could make Knight –move during the game, provided that it hasn’t been checked before it makes the knight move.There were no rule of castling in Chaturanga. The Counsell or in Chaturanga, was allowed to move one square diagonally and the Elephants used to move two squares diagonally. However, the Elephants was allowed to jump the intervening square. In Chaturanga,the rules of moving the Knight were the same as a usual Knight and the Rook or Chariot also moved like usual Rook. Though,the Pawns or soldiers in Chaturanga also moved like a usual pawn ,they were not allowed to make the double steps on it first move, like modern Chess.Acoording to the rules of Chatruranga, the Pawns could be promoted only when they arrived at the last rank of the board. However, promotions was available only to the type of pieces that was on the promotion-square in the opening setup. The main objective of a plyer in Chaturanga was to mate the opponent’s King . The player talemates its opponent was declared as the loser in Chaturanga. However, apart from the two-handed version of Chaturanga that has been discussed so far there was also another version named Chaturaj i, having four hands.There is game described in the Indian epic, Mahabarata that had similarity with that of Chaturaji. KHO KHO Kho – Kho is one of the most popular traditional sports in india. This games is an immense test of the participants’s physical fitness, strength, speed and stamina and it also requires a certain amount of ability on behalf of the participants. Additionally, many historians say that it is actually a modified form of Run and Chase. It is played by a team consisting of 12 players, where only 9 players enter the arena.In Kho-Kho, the participants simply need to chase and catch their opponents in order to win the game. In the ancient time, the game of Kho- kho was played on ‘ raths ’ or chariots in Maharashtra and it was known as Rathera. The main aim of the participants in the game of Kho-Kho is to catch the opponent by pursuit and to chase, rather than just run. RULES OF KHO-KHO The rules for Kho Kho were framed in the beginning of t he 20th century. According to the rules and regulation of Kho- Kho, each of the participating teams consists of 12players, though only 9players take the field for a contest.There are two innings in a match and an innings consists of chasing and running turns of 7minutes each. One player of the chasing team play the role of an active chaser and the remaining 8members of the team sit in their 8squares on the central lane, alternately facing the opposite direction. The active chaser stands at either of the posts and gets ready to begin the pursuit. It is mandatory for the members of the chasing team to put their opponent out by touching them with their palms and without committing a foul. The defenders try to play out the 7minutes, and the chaser keep on trying to dismiss them.There are 3ways through which a defender can be dismissed: * If an active chaser touches him with his palm without commiting a foul, * If the defender goes out of the limits on his own, or * If the defenders ente rs the limits the limit late. Usually, the defenders enter the limits, in batches of 3 and after the third and last defender of batch is out, the next batch has to enter the limits, before a Kho is given by the successful active chaser. The defenders are allowed to move on both sides of the central lane. However the active chaser does not have the permission to change the direction to which he is committed.He is also not allowed to cross the central lane. An active chaser can only change his position with a seated chaser, by touching him from behind by palm, and uttering the word kho loudly. A chase or attack is built up simultaneously through a series of Kho as the chase continues with a relay of chasers. There are an interval of 5minutes at the end of each of the innings and there is also a break of 2minutes in between the turns. Each of the sides alternates their positions between chasing and defending. There is no bar for the participants in the game of kho- Kho and people from all age can participate.The game can be played by men, women, and children of all ages and kho- Kho does not require a lot of equipments to play. The time limit for the game is not more than 37minutes. PLAYING FIELD OF KHO- KHO The game of Kho- Kho require a rectangular playground that is evenly surfaced, with dimension of 29m by 16m. There are 2 rectangles at the end which comprises of 2 wooden poles. The central lane is 907. 50cm long and across the small squares, lie 8 cross lanes which are 500cm long and 70cm wide. There are 2 posts at the end of central lane, which rise 120cm above the ground surface with a circumference of 30- 40cm.THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TRADITIONAL GAMES AND MODERN GAME Game is a recreational activity whether for fun, leisure time or work. It can be done alone or in groups. Games usually have rules that must be followed by all . According to the playing terms and condition,there are some win and some lose, or draw. Games that involve physical activity are us ually called sports. Games are held until now but there is a difference between the first game and the game played now. Previous games such as wau game, dragon dance or top game features art that symbolizes the beauty and harmony of the people in Malaysia.These activities will normally be done in groups where they have similar interests. Each will share their energy, ideas, and time just to ensure that such activities can be implemented. While for the game now, usually computer games that does not symbolize anything and do not need to be done by a group of people and not to strengthen the bond between people like the game before. In addition, computer games will cause addiction among players. Players who are too addicted to the game will not care about their health, do not eat or sleep just to play the game.Those time games usually give different harmony with nature while nowadays games like computer games such as counter strike gives bad influence to boys. In turn this will contami nate the minds of the young people of this age. SUGGESTIONS TO PROMOTE TRADITIONAL GAMES * Promotion through mass media and multimedia such as TV advertising, internet social website such as Facebook, Twitter and so on. * Organization of activities by NGO – promotion via/through brochure,pamplets. * government roles – organise state,national and international level competitions among community. provides good infrastructure – such as, field,sports equipment. -organise awareness campaign – gives opportunities to upgrade the players skills. -gives rewards to player-such as trophy, cash money, giving honours such as â€Å"Dato†. * role of school authority – organise school level competitions among students. -actively involved in sports activities – upgrade their skills from school level. -sports school – give a lot of opportunities to many students who are expert and specialized in sports skills. -provides more bright future to ski lled players. traditional games as one of the co-curriculum activities in school. CONCLUSION Advances in technology have made the loss of what was once very proud heritage. But,do we aware of the fact that we inherited the traditional game? Sadly there are those among young people today do not recognize traditional games such as pride, kite flying, top-spinning, kite, kabaddi, yo-yo and so on. Many benefits to be derived from traditional games such as can strengthen bonds among people, nourish the body by sweating and can preserves the cultural heritage of ages.In addition, the state can promotes the game as one of the activities that need to be introduced to the tourists who comes to Malaysia. It will also be the pride of Malaysians. Unfortunately, Malaysian think about it they just want the excitement and follow all the latest technological changes which made them to forget the heritage that should be treated well. Therefore, teenagers can follow and continue the game technology b ut at the same time still maintain and uphold ancestral heritage. REFERENCES * Lau, H. T. Chinese Chess. Tuttle Publishing, Boston, 1985. ISBN 0-8048-3508-X. Leventhal, Dennis A. The Chess of China. Taipei, Taiwan: Mei Ya, 1978. (out-of-print but can be partly downloaded) * Li, David H. First Syllabus on Xiangqi: Chinese Chess  1. Premier Publishing, Bethesda, Maryland, 1996. ISBN 0-9637852-5-7. * Li, David H. The Genealogy of Chess. Premier Publishing, Bethesda, Maryland, 1998. ISBN 0-9637852-2-2. * Li, David H. Xiangqi Syllabus on Cannon: Chinese Chess  2. Premier Publishing, Bethesda, Maryland, 1998. ISBN 0-9637852-7-3. * Li, David H. Xiangqi Syllabus on Elephant: Chinese Chess  3. Premier Publishing, Bethesda, Maryland, 2000.ISBN 0-9637852-0-6. * Li, David H. Xiangqi Syllabus on Pawn: Chinese Chess  4. Premier Publishing, Bethesda, Maryland, 2002. ISBN 0-9711690-1-2. * Li, David H. Xiangqi Syllabus on Horse: Chinese Chess  5. Premier Publishing, Bethesda, Maryland, 200 4. ISBN 0-9711690-2-0. * Jupiter Infomedia Pvt. Ltd. Kabaddi. Retrieved 7/05/2012. from  http://www. indianetzone. com/1/kabaddi. htm * Jupiter Infomedia Pvt. Ltd. Chaturanga. Retrieved 7/05/2012. from  http://www. indianetzone. com/39/chaturanga_chess. htm * Wikipedia,Kho-Kho, Retrieved May 22,2012, from  http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Kho_kho