Effects of Down Syndrome on Overall Well-being

Effects of Down Syndrome on Overall Well-being Effect of Down Syndrome Researcher finds out the strength and weaknesses of children with Down syndrome and comparison with normal children. This study compared Down syndrome child and typically developing children on cognitive ability across five aspects of child development which are language, self-help, gross motor, socioemotional and fine motor. Researcher found that Down syndrome children they perform significantly worse in the language if compared to typically developing children. The primary finding in this study is language is the most difficulties for kids with Down syndrome due to abnormal cognitive development would negatively affect language learning and acquisition (Haikal, S. 2012). The findings for the four development aspects are self –help, gross motor, socioemotion and fine motor. The result shows that Down syndrome score lower than normal children. It shows positive finding in this study may due to the children with Down syndrome they receive early intervention in their early childhood. The findings were supported by previous researches, which noted that children with Down syndrome may get considerable progress if under the efficient and appropriate intervention and training, even achieve to the typically developing level, such as motor skill, socioemotional ability (Haikal, S. 2012). Although children with Down syndrome they developmentally delayed in many aspects, but they will perform better if they receive early intervention program (EI). A longitude and descriptive written report, which compared children with Down syndrome experienced with early intervention programs (EI) and without early intervention program confirmed the positive result of early intervention to children with Down syndrome (Haikal, S. 2012). The outcome indicated that kids with Down syndrome under the EI program have significantly higher scores on intellectual and adaptive functioning than those without early intervention. Down syndrome children they get well record and good impression from the community. They also did better on socioemotional assessment. Previous research shows that Down syndrome children usually experience more or less difficulties in self-care activities, such as grooming. There are some similar results found in this study that children with Down syndrome performed quite worse on self-help tasks, which may due to the younger age of this study sample. The performance of self-care activities were shown more related to the fine motor skills required. The self-help skill at school-aged children with Down syndrome found that over half of them (59.7%) needed no help with self-care tasks, which mean the self –care skill can improve with increased age (Haikal, S. 2012). On the other hand, Down syndrome people show poor on social interactions with others. People who face social skill deficits can contribute to isolation from friendships and peer interactions and can limit further opportunities to improve social skills. Social skill deficit is problematic because it will lead to negative experiences and avoidance of social interactions (Hajar, B. 2012). Some of the research show that improving children with Down syndrome’ social skills can offset the growth of more serious maladjustment. In the process of socialization, the kid will learn the right attitudes, skills, values, and behavior so that they will able to role play in the society. The answers demonstrated that social skills’ training is effective in the socialization improvement in Down syndrome children and this improvement was maintained over a 2-month follow-up period (Hajar, B. 2012). This study showed social skill training, increasing the ability positive relational behavior with the people with Down syndrome. The researcher also found that social skills training effective to better social behavior adjustment in adolescent. In the intervention group, it appears a model of social skills and appropriate ways to approach various situations of children with Down syndrome. These models will teach new behaviors to children and it also will correct an inappropriate behavior that the children have. Students with disability who acquire good social skills, and show more favorable in terms of social behavior, have more positive self-concept, and this leads to the understanding of their limitations and capabilities to better ways (Hajar, B. 2012) . Thus, it is necessary to consider social skills training to all students, especially students with mental retardation who have trouble in passing along with peers. Obviously, appropriate social skills training and providing opportunities and experiences will increase their social interactions, and causes the students to apply strategies and social skills in all environments and real life situations (Hajar, B. 2012). Developmental disabilities also identified with Down syndrome child. They are eligible to receive early intervention service. The benefit of early intervention is understanding the strengths, abilities and special needs of youngster, knowing the rights and talk on the child’s behalf. It also can assist the child to develop and learn, having a support system and be involved in the community (Aniza, I. 2013). Researchers also found that the mean of each domain in children who received early intervention is more eminent than those who received late intervention. This indicates that the family will have better family outcomes as a result of early intervention in many aspects. Family outcomes study by NEILS found that parents agreed their childrens participation in early intervention programs has enabled them to assist their children to grow and learn, give them the opportunity to work with the professional and speak on behalf of their children about their needs. According to a study by the National Early Intervention longitude Longitudinal Study (NEILS), mothers education level and family income also have a substantial relation to the family outcomes. Parents with higher education levels have a more positive result in the family outcomes. Poorly educated parents are usually found to have less knowledge compared to those who are well educated so they are not aware about the advantages related to exposure and the establishment of early intervention programs in their place (Aniza, I. 2013). Besides that, Cunningham found economic burden will affect family ties and increase family stress because raising children requires a lot of financial sacrifices especially for the families of children with special needs. Thus, the government has established training and service center for these families, namely Kompleks KASIH Keluarga who organized programs and services aimed to strengthen the family unit (Aniza, I. 2013). Through this, parents who have children with disabilities can gain more knowledge about their special children and how to handle their family through participation in programs and workshops. Down syndrome (DS) child will experience healthy problem, and have less access to health care than the general population. There are some article show the benefits of physical activity for children with down syndrome and some intervention programs for this population. Evidence proves the benefits of physical activity for the wellbeing of body, brain, and the decrease of risk of chronic disease. Various studies indicated that physical activity improved psychological well-being. In layman word is the way in which we deal, with stress and mental functioning, such as decision making, planning, and short-term memory, reduced anxiety, and promoted healthier sleep patterns. Besides that, there are more or less positive effects of regular physical activity are an improvement in cardiovascular and respiratory muscle function, a reduction in coronary artery disease risk factors such as elevated systolic, diastolic blood pressures and a diminished degree of overall mortality and morbidity. The benefits also may include enhanced feelings of wellbeing, and enhanced performance at workplace, refreshment, and sports activities (Lotan, M. 2007). Heller found that a group of adults with DS, who participated in a fitness and health education program for 12 weeks, in that respect are some changes of their attitudes towards practice, proved more positive expected outcomes and improved life satisfaction (Lotan, M. 2007). On the other hand, researchers have performed a jog/walk program for DS participants. The researcher can conclude that adults with DS were able to improve their aerobic capacity when performing a systematic and well-designed aerobic training program. This program demonstrated significant improvement in muscle strength and dynamic balance, supporting a positive outcome. Carmeli implemented a pain-free treadmill walking program for adults with DS and arterial occlusive disease. Some of the participants showed significant improvements in walking speed, distance, and duration. Pain levels were concentrated in people suffering from intermittent claudication. Therefore, it is recommended to carry out such programs throughout the lifetime span of individuals with DS (Lotan, M. 2007).

Leo XIII: Rerum Novarum

1. What did Leo say about the poor people? The present age has handed over the working poor to inhumane employers and greedy competitors. (a. 6) He saw the working poor as needy and helpless, (a. 66) And they are insufficiently protected against injustices and violence. (a. 32) 2. What did he want the working poor to understand? He wanted the working poor to understand that the lowest in society cannot be made equal with the highest and that poverty is no disgrace. (a. 37) To suffer and endure is human. (a. 27) The working poor are told not to injure the property or person of their employers and not to forcibly the property of others. (a. 55) 3. What was the moral component of Leo's message? The message to the working poor seems to be aimed at calming and consoling the poor, encouraging them to accept their position in society without rancor and without harm to others. Leo sought to enlist the aid of the working poor in preserving good order. 4. What did Leo say to those who work with the poor? Leo XIII declared that the working poor must be cared for. Employers have clear moral obligations: workers are not to be treated as slaves; the dignity of your workers' human personality must be respected; do not use people as things for gain; do not oppress the needy or the wretched for your own profit. The approach to employers is on a high moral plane, but it is also very practical: you need your poor worker, so work with him harmoniously. It is immoral to treat workers unjustly, and it is also not in the best interest of ownership and management. 5. What was the message to the employers? Leo warns the employers against the pitfalls of being wealthy; pointing out that wealth does not end sorrow and that it is a hindrance to eternal happiness. In view of eternity, what counts is not how much we have but how we use what we have, and we will have to account to God for our use of wealth 6. What did the Pope say to the wealthy? The wealthy are told that their goods are for their perfection and the benefit of others, and they are encouraged to share their goods when they see others in need: when the need is extreme, the demand is of justice: otherwise, the demand is of charity. 7. What was R.N's teachings of unions and strikes? The encyclical comes down strongly in favour of unions, stating that their increase is to be desired. (a. 69) The immediate object of unions is the private advantage of those associated, so that workers are to use their unions to secure increase in goods of body, soul and prosperity. (a. 71) The principal goal of unions is moral and religious perfection. (a. 77) The message about preserving good order is clear and unmistakable, but so is the message about standing up for rights. Leo XIII wanted the working poor to protect their interests, to make demands, to press their claims, and the principal means for doing this was the formation of unions. 8. What did Leo say about working conditions? Wages should never be less than enough to support a worker who is thrifty and upright. (a. 63) Work should not be so long that it dulls the spirit or that the body sinks from exhaustion. (a. 59) The factors in the establishment of hours are listed as: the nature of the work; the circumstances of time and place; the physical condition of the workers. (a. 59) 9. What was his stand on private ownership and property? Private ownership must be preserved inviolate. (a. 23) Must be regarded as sacred. (a. 65) It is wrong for ownership to be limited to a small number of people, and private property must be spread among the largest number of population. (a. 65) And a more equitable division of goods. (a. 66) 10. How did Leo see the role of government? The purpose of government is to cause public and individual well-being. (a. 48) The government must protect the community and it's constituent parts. (a. 52) Protect equitably each and every class of citizens. (a. 49) Give special consideration to the weak and poor. (a. 54) This special care should include the working poor. (a. 54) Improve the condition of workers. (a. 48) Safeguard the well-being and interests of workers. (a. 49) Protection of the goods of the worker's soul. (a. 57) The government's intervention in matters of wages, hours, and working conditions should be avoided. (a. 64) The government does not have the authority to forbid unions. (a. 72) It can oppose, dissolve and prevent unions when their objective is at variance with good morals, justice, or to it that there are no strikes. (a. 56) It should seek to remove the causes of strikes. (a. 56) Government must permit freedom of action to individuals and families. (a. 52) Government should give public aid to families in extreme difficulty. (a. 21) Â · Briefly summarise the popes intention and purpose for the Rerum Novarum. The Popes intention was his conviction that the present ages has handed over the working poor to inhumane employers and greedy competitors. He wanted to help the working poor by setting these rules. These rules help people to know their roles and obligations when dealing with work.

Malaysia Traditional Games

INTRODUCTION Multi-racial society in Malaysia has a wide variety of cultural grasped from different roots. Culture was consolidated into a unique culture because almost every descent has custom forming their respective cultures. These include the likes cooperate economic activities, where the bond is strengthened and Forge Closer with brio events and entertainment. Many games were contested because of such customs. Traditional games have been able to form a part of life experienced by the ancestors communities respectively.Important foundation that guarantees the continuity of traditional games in the past is uniformity way our ancestors lived. Even since I was small they familiarize themselves with this state. Some of these games are now not played yet but is only known by the parents and grandparents. But still there are some children playing it today. Some of the games, including pride, kite, selambut, sepak raga, tops, kabaddi, mahjong, etc.. CONGKAK The word  congkak  is bel ieved to originate from old  Malay  Ã¢â‚¬Å"congak†, meaning â€Å"mental calculation†.The oldest  mancala  game boards were found in a ruined fort of Roman Egypt and date back to the 4th century AD by our Persatuan  National Geographic . After that, the game was likely introduced to Southeast Asia by Indian or Arab traders in the 15th century throughmerchants via Malacca , an important trading post at that time Congkak has simple rules that allow the boards to have different numbers of holes. Congkak boards are often made of teak or mahogany wood . Normally Congkak has two rows of seven circular holes and two large holes at both ends named â€Å" Home â€Å" . How to play?The game begins with seven game pieces (marbles or seeds) in each hole except â€Å"homes† which remain empty. Congkak requires two players . Each player controls the seven holes on his side and owns the â€Å"home† to his left. The goal is to accumulate as many pieces in your own â€Å"home†. On a turn, a player removes all pieces from one of the seven holes on his side. He then distributes them clockwise — one in each hole to the left of this hole — . This process skips an opponent's â€Å"home† but not a player's own â€Å"home†. The game ends when no pieces are left in any hole on both sides of the board.The players now count the number of pieces in their own â€Å"home† and see who has won. Director Ahmad Idham produced before 1 movie name  filem Congkak  at the year 2008 . If you wish to understand more about Congkak , can refer to this movie. WAU Now we are moving to the next part, namely â€Å"Wau†. For your general knowledge, Wau is actually farmer’s friend. Normally, farmers use it to represent a flying scarecrow in order to fend off birds from paddy fields. To prevent from over-using chemical substances to control the productivity of paddy, this may be an effective method to avoid har vested paddy from falling victim to the winged creatures.Somebody said that the sound made by Wau is an excellent lullaby for the farmer’s children. This is because the melody helps restless kids catch forty winks while the farmers could go about their tasks uninterrupted History of Wau Bulan shows that it is the brainchild of the Sri Wijaya empire, symbolizing Dewa Muda’s effort to reunify the empire. The young prince used the Wau as a canvas to map out the conquered districts using fine patterns and flowers. Before he went to war, Dewa Muda would meditate in a cave to gain some spiritual insights. He then exist the cave with a basic structure of Wau Bulan before he going off to war.After his return from a battle, the design kept on ‘growing’, symbolizing the strength of his empire; much to the pride and delight of his people. As a result, Wau Bulan could then said to derive its name from its tail which resembles that of a crescent, from the medium of tra nsportation for Dewa Muda to ascend to the heavens. Below are the steps for creating Wau your own. First of all, the spine of Wau is measured into 3 parts, then making the point of separation. Wau wing section will tie first. Wing that is tied will also be tied at the marked point of wau spine.Then, bind at the top and bottom of the tail spine and make sure that the balance in both sides. After that, attach the end of the tail for both left and right to the wing. For the waist of the Wau, make 2 semi circles from the bamboo stick to form a circle as shown in Wau Bulan picture above. Lastly, make the head Wau with binding half of the head with Wau wing with 2-inch distance from the spine. SEPAK BULU AYAM (CHAPTEH) The chapteh is one of the Asian games. Before the â€Å"chapteh† have approached to Malaysia , actually the sepak bulu ayam game already appeared in the 5th century BC in china.The earliest reference to a game of kicking a feathered object dates back to the 5th centu ry BC in China . At that time, the chapteh is used to train military men and later known as Ti Jian Zu or †kick little shuttlecock†. For the shaolin monks in Henan, they practiced the game to strengthen their martial skills. In Vietnam, the game is known as da cau, while in Indonesia they called it as sepak kenchi. In the 2003 SEA Games held in Vietnam,  capteh  was a prevalent sport. Internationally, Featherball Associations in Europe, USA and Turkey also show how international the game has become.In Malaysia and Singapore, the game also known as chapteh . The game was most welcomed by the malay citizen in the Malaysia, and become one of their traditional games. After that, the chapteh was accepted by other races and as variants of the name of sepak bulu ayam included capteh, chaptek and chatek seem to appear in Malaysia. DESCRIPTION Chapteh consist of feathers attached to a rubber or plastic sole. HOW TO PLAY The chapteh requires players to keep a weighted shuttlec ock in the air, usually using their feet, or other parts of the body may be used, except for the hands.It can be play individually or in a team. For individual, the longest time you keep the chapteh in the air, the higher the score you will get, the higher the chance to be champion. While in a group or team, a circle is drawn. The game is played in the circle with the first assigned player attempting to keep the  capteh  in the air until it falls to the ground within the circle. Then the next team member continues the count while playing in the circle. This continues until all team members have taken a turn in the game.The winning team is the one that scores the highest number of total kicks. BENEFITS The game can improve our hand-eye coordination. MAHJONG Mahjong is a game that originated in China, commonly played by four players. While the single player tile matching game mahjong solitaire is familiar in the West, in Asia it is the four-player table version which holds predomi nance and has little in common with the solitaire version other than using the same tiles. Similar to the Western card game rummy, mahjong is a game of skill, strategy and calculation and involves a certain degree of chance.The game is played with a set of 136 tiles based on Chinese characters and symbols, although some regional variations use a different number of tiles. In most variations, each player begins by receiving thirteen tiles. In turn players draw and discard tiles until they complete a legal hand using the fourteenth drawn tile to form four groups (melds) and a pair (head). There are fairly standard rules about how a piece is drawn, stolen from another player and thus melded, the use of simples (numbered tiles) and honours (winds and dragons), the kinds of melds, and the order of dealing and play.However there are many regional variations in the rules; in addition, the scoring system and the minimum hand necessary to win varies significantly based on the local rules bei ng used. THE MAHJONG SET A set of mahjong tiles usually has at least 136 tiles (most commonly 144). Mahjong tiles are split into these categories: suits, honor, and flowers. Each rectangular shaped tile is about 1 ? inch x 1 inch x ? inch. The thick layer, the layer made of white bone or plastic is ? inch of the tile’s height, while the thin layer, the layer made of imitation onyx, is ? inch of the tile’s height.Each tile weighs about ? ounce and has a smooth texture, much like the smoothness of marble. This can be attributed to the fact that all sides of each tile, including the edges, are polished to the point where no roughness exists. This is usually the work of machines which have the capacity to obtain complete smoothness. The face of each tile (length 1 ? inch x width 1 inch) is carved with different letters or symbols. Due to the complexity of some of the characters and symbols, the designs are hand carved and filled in with paints of various colors. The tiles can be divided into 4 groups of 34 tiles each.Within each group, the tiles are divided among the five suits or series. Each of the 4 groups are identical. In other words, there are four tiles of each design (4 x 34=136). The remaining 8 tiles are flowers. Suits There are three different suits numbered 1 to 9, which are called simple tiles. They are bamboo, characters, and circles. Suit| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| Bamboos| | | | | | | | | | Characters| | | | | | | | | | Circles| | | | | | | | | | Honors There are two different honor suits: the winds and the dragons. The winds are east, south, west and north, and the dragons are red middle, prosperity and White board.They have no numerical sequence and there are four tiles of each honor (e. g. four Red middle tiles). Bonus Tiles There are only eight tiles: four flowers and four seasons. WindsEast,South,West,North| DragonsRed middle,Prosperity,WhiteBoard| FlowersPlum,Orchid,Chrysathemun,Bamboo| SeasonsSpring,Summer,Autumn,Winter | CHIN ESE YO-YO The Chinese yo-yo is a toy from China consisting of two equally-sized discs connected with a long axle. The Chinese yo-yo is kept spinning on a string tied to two sticks at its ends. Each stick is held in one hand.In modern times, it is used as a children's toy and as a performance tool in juggling and sometimes in Chinese ethnic dance. It is possible to perform a large variety of tricks with the Chinese yo-yo which can be as easy as throwing the yo-yo up into the air or tossing it around the user's back. It was found during the Ming dynasty; roughly 1386-1644. Design Chinese yo-yos were traditionally made of bamboo, which was very easy to break and not convenient for complicated tricks. Modern models, however, are now made of plastic for added durability. The sticks used with the yo-yo ontinue to be made of wood. Some Chinese yo-yos have grooves inset in the rim of the discs; these grooves cause them to make a whistling sound when spinning at high speeds. The sound allows the performer to gauge his speed and adjust the yo-yo accordingly. vs The Chinese yo-yo has been adapted in western countries as the diabolo. The Chinese yo-yo differs from the diabolo in two primary ways. First, the axle of the Chinese yo-yo is much longer than that of the diabolo. Also, the Chinese yo-yo has wheel-shaped discs, whereas the diabolo consists of two bell-shapes.The Chinese yoyo is also typically grooved and made of hard plastic, while diabolos are not grooved and usually made of a durable rubber material. How to play If you are right handed, follow the instructions precisely. If you are left handed, reverse the handedness of the instructions. 1. Place the yo-yo down on the ground directly in front of you. Put the string under the axle (the metal bit). 2. Roll the yo-yo over to your right foot, and let it stop. Then roll it over to the left or just back and forth, and lift the sticks into the air when it reaches the foot.This gives the yo-yo initial rotational moment um that stabilizes it when you lift it into the air. 3. Before it stops spinning, move the right stick up and down in a â€Å"hitting† motion. Try to imagine cutting a carrot with a kitchen knife. Try to keep this up as long as possible without the yo-yo falling off. 4. The yo-yo will naturally tilt away from or toward you. Do not fret; this is easily controlled. If the yo-yo is tilting toward you, move your right hand forward. If it is tilting away from you, move your right hand back. Do this while continuing to move the right stick up and down.This works by pushing against the top of the yo-yo with the string. 5. The yo-yo naturally tends to unbalance until you learn to keep it at consistent high speeds. Until then, you can rectify the balance of the yo-yo by moving the right stick it the opposite direction yo-yo is leaning, like if it's leaning forward, bring the stick backwards. 6. When you can keep the yo-yo level and with reasonable speed, try learning to throw and catc h it. This is done by simply pulling the two hand sticks apart rapidly, causing the yo-yo to fly up. To catch, simply position the string underneath he axle of the yo-yo. XIANGQI(CHINESE CHESS) Chinese Chess called as Xiangqi or Xiangqi in Chinese, it’s categorised under tactics and strategy game with only two players on each game. Besides, it’s one of the famous games among Chinese communities and played by adult as well as children. Actually, xiangqi has the meaning of ‘Elephant Game’, which Xiang refers to ‘Elephant’ while Qi refers to ‘Game’. The game regard as a war between two armies, Chu and Han, with the aims of capturing the enemy’s king, the player considered wins the game after successfully captured the enemy’s general.There is a river separate the two opposite sides that called as Chu River and Han Jie, meaning Han Border, which is a reference to the Chu-Han war. Xiangqi normally played on a board that co nsist of 10 lines long by 9 lines wide, the pieces are placed on the intersections of the line which also known as points. There are total of 32 pieces on the board with 16 pieces on each side. Normally, the pieces are designed with red and black colours while each piece labelled with different character. Piece| Point| | Advisor| | Cannon| | Chariot| | Elephant| | General| | Horse| | Soldier|Differences characters have different kind of movement on the board, player are not allowed to move the pieces to a point that already occupied by another piece of the same army or stack on it. But players are allowed to capture enemy’s piece by moved to the point occupied and remove the opponent’s piece from the board, the opponent piece is considered as being ‘killed’. The general is said to be â€Å"in check† when the general is in danger situation of being captured by the enemy player on his next move. At the same time, the player who’s going to captu re the general should announce the check immediately in order to warn the opponent side.If the general's player can make no move to prevent the enemy from capture the king, the situation is called as â€Å"checkmate† and the game is end. Xiang Qi origins from Asia but there are a lot of leagues and club all around the world. For example, there are United Kingdom Chinese Chess Association in Britain and Malaysia Chinese Chess Association in Malaysia. Today, xiangqi developed rapidly and now everyone can plays xiangqi game through online or even install the game in the computer. KABADDI Kabaddi in India is counted among the most common and widely played traditional sports.Kabaddi originated in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, almost 4000 years ago. According to a legend, this game came into existence, when a boy hit another boy for this candy. The boy who was hit chased the boy who hit him, and hit him back and ran away. Kabaddi also known as the â€Å"Game of the Masses† is the game, one person play against seven people which requires both skill and power on behalf of the players, and it also combines the characteristics of wrestling and rugby. LEGENDS ATTACHED TO KABADDI Kabaddi is a rather simple and inexpensive game, and it does not require a massive playing area, or any expensive equipment.There are some ancient scripts that refers to the existence of kabaddi in India. In Mahabharata, Arjuna had a unique talent in the game of kabaddi, as he was able to go inside the wall of enemies, destroy them all and come back unscathed. According to the Buddhist literature, Gautam Buddha used to play Kabaddi for recreation. Morever, the game earned a lot of popularity in the Sourthen part of Asia. ORIGIN OF KABADDI Kabaddi is probably the only game of offence and defence in which attack is an individual attempt. The word ‘Kabaddi’ may have originated from the Tamil words kai (hand) and pidi (catch).MODERN DAY KABADDI The standard rules and regu lations for Kabaddi were also formulated in 1918; however, the rules were brought out in print in the year 1932. The Amateur Kabaddi Federation came into existence in the year, in 1972. This body was formed with a view to popularize the game in the neighbouring countries and also to organize regular National Level tournaments. India was also instrumental in including Kabaddi in the main disciplines of the XI Asian Games held at Beijing, China in 1990. This was a major landmark in the history of kabaddi in India, as India won the Gold Medal in this championship.India also won the Gold Medals in the succending Asian Games held in 1994 at Hiroshima, Japan and in the Asian Games held in 1998 at Bangkok in Thailand. India played an important role in introducing the game of kabaddi to the African countries, while hosting a demonstration sport in the Afro- Asian games, in 2002. India also successfully took part in the first World Kabaddi Championship held at Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Kaba ddi in india touched another milestone in 2004, when India hosted the first ever Kabaddi World Cup, in Mumbai.India became the winner of the World Cup, as well. India has produced a number of talented Kabaddi players, so far, who have earned international recognition. CHATURANGA â€Å"Chaturanga â€Å" is one ot the oldest brain in the game world, played in ancient India. The game considered to be the ancestor of moderm day chess and the kings and princes of ancient India. The Sanskrit word â€Å"Chaturanga† means â€Å"having four limbs or parts† and it was also used describe the Indian army of Vedic times, where a platoon had four division like elephants,chariots, cavalry,and infantry.The board of chaturanga â€Å"Ashtapada† (eight – square)†. Chaturanga was played during Gupta period. The game is presumed to be the common ances of the games of Chess,Shogi, and Makruk and it is related to Xiangqi and Janggi, as well. Banabhatta’ Harsha Ch aritha (c. 625)contains the earliest reference to the name â€Å"Chaturanga† . the game developed in Gupta India around the 6th century and 7th century, it was adopted as Shatianj in Sassanid Persia. Rhere are evidences like Sanskrit document, â€Å"Vasavadatta† from Subhandu that suggests Chaturanga as the ancestors of modern Chess.The pieces of Chaturanga had a lot of similarity with that of modern Chess. The pieces of Chauiranga were called as Raja(King), Mantri(Counsellor,ancestors of the Ferz), Gaja (Elephant,also named as Fil,later,Asva(Horse),Ratha(Chariot later called Rook) , and Pedati (Infantry of Pawns) . HOW TO PLAY The rules of moving the pieces in Chaturanga were also quite similar to that of modern Chess. The King was allowed to move as usual, but it had additional power. It could make Knight –move during the game, provided that it hasn’t been checked before it makes the knight move.There were no rule of castling in Chaturanga. The Counsell or in Chaturanga, was allowed to move one square diagonally and the Elephants used to move two squares diagonally. However, the Elephants was allowed to jump the intervening square. In Chaturanga,the rules of moving the Knight were the same as a usual Knight and the Rook or Chariot also moved like usual Rook. Though,the Pawns or soldiers in Chaturanga also moved like a usual pawn ,they were not allowed to make the double steps on it first move, like modern Chess.Acoording to the rules of Chatruranga, the Pawns could be promoted only when they arrived at the last rank of the board. However, promotions was available only to the type of pieces that was on the promotion-square in the opening setup. The main objective of a plyer in Chaturanga was to mate the opponent’s King . The player talemates its opponent was declared as the loser in Chaturanga. However, apart from the two-handed version of Chaturanga that has been discussed so far there was also another version named Chaturaj i, having four hands.There is game described in the Indian epic, Mahabarata that had similarity with that of Chaturaji. KHO KHO Kho – Kho is one of the most popular traditional sports in india. This games is an immense test of the participants’s physical fitness, strength, speed and stamina and it also requires a certain amount of ability on behalf of the participants. Additionally, many historians say that it is actually a modified form of Run and Chase. It is played by a team consisting of 12 players, where only 9 players enter the arena.In Kho-Kho, the participants simply need to chase and catch their opponents in order to win the game. In the ancient time, the game of Kho- kho was played on ‘ raths ’ or chariots in Maharashtra and it was known as Rathera. The main aim of the participants in the game of Kho-Kho is to catch the opponent by pursuit and to chase, rather than just run. RULES OF KHO-KHO The rules for Kho Kho were framed in the beginning of t he 20th century. According to the rules and regulation of Kho- Kho, each of the participating teams consists of 12players, though only 9players take the field for a contest.There are two innings in a match and an innings consists of chasing and running turns of 7minutes each. One player of the chasing team play the role of an active chaser and the remaining 8members of the team sit in their 8squares on the central lane, alternately facing the opposite direction. The active chaser stands at either of the posts and gets ready to begin the pursuit. It is mandatory for the members of the chasing team to put their opponent out by touching them with their palms and without committing a foul. The defenders try to play out the 7minutes, and the chaser keep on trying to dismiss them.There are 3ways through which a defender can be dismissed: * If an active chaser touches him with his palm without commiting a foul, * If the defender goes out of the limits on his own, or * If the defenders ente rs the limits the limit late. Usually, the defenders enter the limits, in batches of 3 and after the third and last defender of batch is out, the next batch has to enter the limits, before a Kho is given by the successful active chaser. The defenders are allowed to move on both sides of the central lane. However the active chaser does not have the permission to change the direction to which he is committed.He is also not allowed to cross the central lane. An active chaser can only change his position with a seated chaser, by touching him from behind by palm, and uttering the word kho loudly. A chase or attack is built up simultaneously through a series of Kho as the chase continues with a relay of chasers. There are an interval of 5minutes at the end of each of the innings and there is also a break of 2minutes in between the turns. Each of the sides alternates their positions between chasing and defending. There is no bar for the participants in the game of kho- Kho and people from all age can participate.The game can be played by men, women, and children of all ages and kho- Kho does not require a lot of equipments to play. The time limit for the game is not more than 37minutes. PLAYING FIELD OF KHO- KHO The game of Kho- Kho require a rectangular playground that is evenly surfaced, with dimension of 29m by 16m. There are 2 rectangles at the end which comprises of 2 wooden poles. The central lane is 907. 50cm long and across the small squares, lie 8 cross lanes which are 500cm long and 70cm wide. There are 2 posts at the end of central lane, which rise 120cm above the ground surface with a circumference of 30- 40cm.THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TRADITIONAL GAMES AND MODERN GAME Game is a recreational activity whether for fun, leisure time or work. It can be done alone or in groups. Games usually have rules that must be followed by all . According to the playing terms and condition,there are some win and some lose, or draw. Games that involve physical activity are us ually called sports. Games are held until now but there is a difference between the first game and the game played now. Previous games such as wau game, dragon dance or top game features art that symbolizes the beauty and harmony of the people in Malaysia.These activities will normally be done in groups where they have similar interests. Each will share their energy, ideas, and time just to ensure that such activities can be implemented. While for the game now, usually computer games that does not symbolize anything and do not need to be done by a group of people and not to strengthen the bond between people like the game before. In addition, computer games will cause addiction among players. Players who are too addicted to the game will not care about their health, do not eat or sleep just to play the game.Those time games usually give different harmony with nature while nowadays games like computer games such as counter strike gives bad influence to boys. In turn this will contami nate the minds of the young people of this age. SUGGESTIONS TO PROMOTE TRADITIONAL GAMES * Promotion through mass media and multimedia such as TV advertising, internet social website such as Facebook, Twitter and so on. * Organization of activities by NGO – promotion via/through brochure,pamplets. * government roles – organise state,national and international level competitions among community. provides good infrastructure – such as, field,sports equipment. -organise awareness campaign – gives opportunities to upgrade the players skills. -gives rewards to player-such as trophy, cash money, giving honours such as â€Å"Dato†. * role of school authority – organise school level competitions among students. -actively involved in sports activities – upgrade their skills from school level. -sports school – give a lot of opportunities to many students who are expert and specialized in sports skills. -provides more bright future to ski lled players. traditional games as one of the co-curriculum activities in school. CONCLUSION Advances in technology have made the loss of what was once very proud heritage. But,do we aware of the fact that we inherited the traditional game? Sadly there are those among young people today do not recognize traditional games such as pride, kite flying, top-spinning, kite, kabaddi, yo-yo and so on. Many benefits to be derived from traditional games such as can strengthen bonds among people, nourish the body by sweating and can preserves the cultural heritage of ages.In addition, the state can promotes the game as one of the activities that need to be introduced to the tourists who comes to Malaysia. It will also be the pride of Malaysians. Unfortunately, Malaysian think about it they just want the excitement and follow all the latest technological changes which made them to forget the heritage that should be treated well. Therefore, teenagers can follow and continue the game technology b ut at the same time still maintain and uphold ancestral heritage. REFERENCES * Lau, H. T. Chinese Chess. Tuttle Publishing, Boston, 1985. ISBN 0-8048-3508-X. Leventhal, Dennis A. The Chess of China. Taipei, Taiwan: Mei Ya, 1978. (out-of-print but can be partly downloaded) * Li, David H. First Syllabus on Xiangqi: Chinese Chess  1. Premier Publishing, Bethesda, Maryland, 1996. ISBN 0-9637852-5-7. * Li, David H. The Genealogy of Chess. Premier Publishing, Bethesda, Maryland, 1998. ISBN 0-9637852-2-2. * Li, David H. Xiangqi Syllabus on Cannon: Chinese Chess  2. Premier Publishing, Bethesda, Maryland, 1998. ISBN 0-9637852-7-3. * Li, David H. Xiangqi Syllabus on Elephant: Chinese Chess  3. Premier Publishing, Bethesda, Maryland, 2000.ISBN 0-9637852-0-6. * Li, David H. Xiangqi Syllabus on Pawn: Chinese Chess  4. Premier Publishing, Bethesda, Maryland, 2002. ISBN 0-9711690-1-2. * Li, David H. Xiangqi Syllabus on Horse: Chinese Chess  5. Premier Publishing, Bethesda, Maryland, 200 4. ISBN 0-9711690-2-0. * Jupiter Infomedia Pvt. Ltd. Kabaddi. Retrieved 7/05/2012. from  http://www. indianetzone. com/1/kabaddi. htm * Jupiter Infomedia Pvt. Ltd. Chaturanga. Retrieved 7/05/2012. from  http://www. indianetzone. com/39/chaturanga_chess. htm * Wikipedia,Kho-Kho, Retrieved May 22,2012, from  http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Kho_kho

The Infringement of Trademarks Through Social Media - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2102 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? Infringement of Trademark through Social Media Under Section 3(1) of the Trade Marks Act 1976, a trademark is defined as a mark which is used or proposed to be used by a person who is possessing the right either as proprietor or as registered user to use the mark in relation to products or services so that the consumers can know about the connection between the products or services and the said person in the course of trade. Therefore, it can be said that the elements of a trademark is that it is a mark and it is used in relation to products or services in order to differentiate the products or services of a trade from its competitors.[1] Besides, according to the definition of the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“markà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  provided under Section 3(1) of the Trade Marks Act 1976, a trademark can be words, brands, names, labels, headings, devices, signatures, numbers, letters or any combination thereof which is intended to be used to represent the identity of a tr ade. A trademark can also include portrait of a person, sound, symbols, phrase and any designs.[2] A registered proprietor of a trademark is given an exclusive right to use the trademark in relation to his or her goods and services, he can also assign, license or franchise it to a third party.[3] Basically, if a person uses the trademark owned by the registered proprietor without any authorisation or consent given by the proprietor, such person is considered to have infringed upon the proprietorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s trademark.[4] The infringement of registered trademark occurs when there is an unauthorised use of the registered trademark or a mark which is highly similar to it in an advertising circular and also in relation to the products or services by any person other than the registered proprietor such that it will import a reference to the registered proprietor and result in deception as well as confusion among the public.[5] Thus, in order to establish a viable lawsuit agains t a trademark infringement case, a plaintiff has to prove that the trademark under his possession is entitled to protection which means that it has to be a registered trademark and that the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s use of that trademark is likely to deceive the consumers and cause them to confuse it with the plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s trademark.[6] In this era of technology, traders are able to advertise their products and services on popular search engines and other informational sites, or they can create their own corporate website to promote their products as well as to provide all the important information regarding their products. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Infringement of Trademarks Through Social Media" essay for you Create order Since trademark is playing a vital role in advertising, trademark infringement had consequently shifted to the online world.[7] In recent years, due to the tremendous growth of social media, social networking sites which is deemed as a fantastic way to engage with consumers, have provided a platform where traders can have far reaching and budget-friendly mechanisms to promote their products or services. However, such great advantage comes with great risks as along with the increasing use of trademark in social media, the problems of infringement of trademark through social media have attracted considerable attention. Nonetheless, the Trade Marks Act 1976 and Trade Marks Regulations 1997 which govern trademark protection in Malaysia are silent on the issue of trademark infringement through social media. Unlike Malaysia, trademark protection on social media sites in the United States falls within the purview of the Lanham Act. The Lanham Act is the primary federaltrademark statute o f law in the United States which prohibits a number of activities such asfalse advertising, trademark infringement andtrademark dilution. Section 1125(a)(1) of the Lanham Act imposes civil liability on a person who uses any mark in relation to any products or services in the course of trade which will lead to confusion among the consumers. The provision under Section 1114 is similar to Section 1125(a)(1) but it is only applicable to marks registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (PTO). In order to successfully claim under either Section 1125(a)(1) or Section 1114, a plaintiff is required to show that the allegedly infringed mark is used in commerce, the plaintiff has the rights against that mark which such rights were established prior to any rights of the defendant the alleged infringement has caused confusion.[8] In the case of Tiffany (NJ) Inc. v eBay Inc.[9] which occurred in the United States, Tiffany sued eBay, an online marketplace for trademark infrin gement, claiming that eBay had allowed and facilitated the selling of counterfeit Tiffany products on its website. There is evidence indicating that eBay had removed immediately the sellers of counterfeit products from the listings on its site when it received notice from Tiffany. Tiffany argued that eBay should be held liable for the counterfeit products and it is the responsibility of eBay to police the listings on its own. The court however held that Tiffany as the trademark owner, was responsible to police its own brand and eBay must have direct control over the means of infringement in order for it to be charged with trademark infringement as the liability had to be premised on specific knowledge. Since eBay is a site which enables online transactions between those purchasers and sellers who are also members of eBay. It does not take physical possession of the products sold by the sellers on its website and it is the sellers who sell the products rather than eBay who merely pro vides service for the sellers without seeing or inspecting the products. Therefore, eBay could be deemed as not having specific knowledge and control over the means of infringement. This case was decided in favour of eBay whereby it did not infringe the trademark of Tiffany. Other than legal options, cases regarding trademark infringement on social networking sites can also be settled via mechanisms provided by the operators of the social networking websites and most of the social media sites have specific complaint procedures which enable the trademark owners to report to the website operators so that to remove or transfer those infringing accounts where their trademarks have been used without their authorisation. For instance, in LaRussa v Twitter,[10] Tony LaRussa, the baseball manager of St. Louis Cardinals, sued an unknown party who creating an account on Twitter using his name as the username and making bad comments about the players of his team. He claimed for trademark in fringement. However, the case was resolved shortly after the complaint was filed to the operator of Twitter whereby Twitter had disabled the username and transferred the domain name to LaRussa. Also, inOneok, Inc. v Twitter, Inc,[11] an energy services company, Oneok, filed a complaint in the court claiming that its registered trademark had been infringed by an unknown user who registered as Oneok on Twitter and posted information about the company. However, the complaint filed in the court was dismissed by Oneok the day after the infringement was reported to Twitter and the username was subsequently transferred to the company. Hence, it can be seen that by using the mechanisms available on the social media sites in resolving the cases of trademark infringement without bringing them to the court, it will be more advantageous to the trademark owners as it help to save cost and time. As a conclusion, a trademark is very important to every trader as it represents the identity and re putation of a certain business, since the trademark law in Malaysia is still inadequate to protect those trademark proprietors against infringement especially when it comes to social media, perhaps a new legislation pertaining to trademark infringement on social media should be passed by the government in order to provide protection for those trademark proprietors who advertise their products or services on social media sites as social media has become one of the important marketing tools for most of the businesses nowadays. Alternatively, the Trade Marks Act 1976 and Trade Marks Regulations 1997 which govern trademark protection in Malaysia can be amended so that their application could be extended to cover trademark infringement through social media as well. From the Tiffany case, it was stated that a trademark proprietor has the duty to police his own trademark. Thus, companies should implement a proper monitoring system to detect whether their registered trademarks are used by o thers without their consent or authorisation. There are also websites such as KnowEM.com and Adgooroo.com which provide effective tools for the companies in helping them to check the availability of their trademark on social networking sites and to provide reports when there are people bidding on keywords which tie into their trademarks.[12] Other than that, in order to prevent trademark infringement on social media, companies should be familiar with the social media sites and their policies concerning trademark use if they want to advertise their products on those sites. They should also take proactive steps to protect their trademarks by obtaining account names containing their trademarks on those social media sites before other people can obtain the account names.[13] Last but not least, other than bringing cases pertaining to trademark infringement to litigation which will be costly and time consuming, the companies can also use the tools within the social networking sites to re solves such cases so that the infringing accounts would be removed or disabled by the operators and this is deemed as an quite effective way in dealing with the problems of trademark infringement on social networking sites. List of references à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"What is a Trade Mark (or Brand)?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Intellectual Property Office, 13 June 2011) lt;https://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/tm/t-about/t-whatis.htmgt; accessed 5 August 2014 Ahmad Azizi bin Zulkefli and Sumah Ramachandran, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Trade Mark Protection in Malaysia A Basic Guideà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Biotechcorp.com, 21 December 2009) lt;https://www.biotechcorp.com.my/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/downloads_aboutmalaysia/IP_Booklet_Trade-Mark_V1.pdfgt; accessed 5August 2014 Trade Marks Act 1976, s 35 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Is it Trademark Infringement?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Nolo.com) lt;https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/is-it-trademark-infringementgt; accessed 7August 2014 Trade Marks Act 1976, s 38 Aishath Muneeza, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Milestone of Blogs and Bloggers in Malaysiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2010] 3 MLJ cvii 7. Yvonne Noorlander, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Calling a Halt to Trademark Infringement in Social Media International Reportà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Intellectual Assessment Management, 9 October 2013) lt;https://www.iam-magazine.com/reports/Detail.aspx?g=dd57f6ce-e700-4a33-a04f-c77368c7ae03gt; accessed 7 August 2014 8. Nicholas Rodriguez, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Trademark and Copyright Issues Arising from Memetic Marketing on Social Mediaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢(Acc.com) lt;https://www.acc.com/legalresources/quickcounsel/taciafmmosm.cfmgt; accessed 7August 2014 Tiffany (NJ) Inc. v eBay Inc. 600 F.3d 93 (2nd Cir. 2010) Louis Vuitton Malletier v Akanoc Solutions Inc. 658 F.3d 936 (9th Cir. 2011) 11. Darin M. Klemchuk and Roxana Sullivan, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Brand Enforcement on Social Networking Sitesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Americanbar.org,) lt; https://apps.americanbar.org/litigation/committees/commercial/articles/092410-klemchuk-sullivan-social-networking-brand-enforcement.htmlgt; accessed 8 August 2014 Jeanne L. Seewald, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Considerations When Using Trademarks in Social Mediaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Hahnlaw.com) lt; https://www.hahnlaw.com/references/a4cf7ae5-f892-49e9-99d5-29e9b4f73f72.pdfgt; accessed 10 August 2014 [1] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"What is a Trade Mark (or Brand)?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Intellectual Property Office, 13 June 2011) lt;https://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/tm/t-about/t-whatis.htmgt; accessed 5 August 2014 [2] Ahmad Azizi bin Zulkefli and Sumah Ramachandran, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Trade Mark Protection in Malaysia A Basic Guideà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Biotechcorp.com, 21 December 2009) lt;https://www.biotechcorp.com.my/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/downloads_aboutmalaysia/IP_Booklet_Trade-Mark_V1.pdfgt; accessed 5August 2014 [3] Trade Marks Act 1976, s 35 [4] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Is it Trademark Infringement?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Nolo.com) lt;https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/is-it-trademark-infringementgt; accessed 7August 2014 [5] Trade Marks Act 1976, s 38 [6] Aishath Muneeza, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Milestone of Blogs and Bloggers in Malaysiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2010] 3 MLJ cvii [7] Yvonne Noorlander, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Calling a Halt to Trademark Infringement in Social Media International Reportà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Intellectual Assessment Management, 9 October 2013) lt;https://www.iam-magazine.com/reports/Detail.aspx?g=dd57f6ce-e700-4a33-a04f-c77368c7ae03gt; accessed 7 August 2014 [8] Nicholas Rodriguez, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Trademark and Copyright Issues Arising from Memetic Marketing on Social Mediaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢(Acc.com) lt;https://www.acc.com/legalresources/quickcounsel/taciafmmosm.cfmgt; accessed 7August 2014 [9] 600 F.3d 93 (2nd Cir. 2010) [10] Darin M. Klemchuk and Roxana Sullivan, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Brand Enforcement on Social Networking Sitesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Americanbar.org,) lt; https://apps.americanbar.org/litigation/committees/commercial/articles/092410-klemchuk-sullivan-social-networking-brand-enforcement.htmlgt; accessed 8 August 2014 [11] Ibid [12] Darin M. Klemchuk and Roxana Sullivan, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Brand Enforcement on Social Networking Sitesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Americanbar.org,) lt; https://apps.americanbar.org/litigation/committees/commercial/articles/092410-klemchuk-sullivan-social-networking-brand-enforcement.htmlgt; accessed 8 August 2014 [13] Jeanne L. Seewald, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Considerations When Using Trademarks in Social Mediaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Hahnlaw.com) lt; https://www.hahnlaw.com/references/a4cf7ae5-f892-49e9-99d5-29e9b4f73f72.pdfgt; accessed 10 August 2014